Tell me about the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The characteristics of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: First, the situation of deep division.

Before the Western Jin Dynasty, there were three kingdoms. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of Sui Dynasty, the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin have always belonged to different regimes.

Under the long-term influence of political situation, north-south division, east-west confrontation or regional separatism, the economy, culture, academics and even psychology of individual regions are gradually "regionalized" and the trend of "regional" independence is strengthened.

The strengthening of regional consciousness and the formation of regional tradition are also a kind of "division"

It is also worth pointing out that even within the same regime, there are obvious regional military separatist tendencies, such as the local towns in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties and the towns in the Northern Dynasties, which not only caused the struggle between the central and local governments and the internal and external confrontation, but also further deepened the regional separatist and confrontational tendencies under the great division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Second, complex ethnic relations.

The protagonists in the northern region are the "five Hu" who entered the country and the Han nationality who stayed at home. At the same time that the whole north is "Hu Hua", many tortuous and difficult conference semifinals are gradually "China"; In the south, it is especially manifested in the natural and compulsory integration of the northern Han nationality and the southern Han nationality who retreated to the south, as well as the more barbaric and vulgar nationalities, which is also a kind of "sinicization"

The history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is actually composed of three regions: the northern frontier nationalities (including Xianbei, Hu Qiang, Koguryo, Rouran, Gaoche, Turkic and so on. ), Central Plains (Cao Wei, Western Jin Dynasty, Sixteen Countries, Northern Dynasties) and Southern Dynasties and Six Dynasties.

In the meantime, regional confrontation, national rise and fall, social transformation, institutional conflict and so on. , is complicated and abnormal.

Third, frequent population migration.

This is especially manifested in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Countries and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the scale, scope, duration and influence of population migration exceeded any previous historical period.

However, the population flow within the Sixteen Countries and the Northern Dynasties is different from that of overseas Chinese in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties.

For example, the overseas Chinese population in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties mostly migrated voluntarily, and a large part of them became settled immigrants; The Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, especially the Eastern Jin, Song, Qi and Liang regimes, were essentially immigrant regimes. Therefore, overseas Chinese have a high status, great political, military and cultural influence, and receive many preferential treatments.

The frequent and large-scale population movements in the Sixteen Countries and the Northern Dynasties, especially the population movements of non-ruling ethnic groups such as the Sixteen Countries and the Han nationality, were carried out by Hu rulers, mainly forced migration. They are not only in a low position, but also in a miserable situation. The purpose of Hu rulers' forced migration is to use them as soldiers and cultivate them. With the rise and fall of political power and the turmoil and chaos of the current situation, the forcibly relocated population has been repeatedly moved by different rulers, so the number of immigrants who can settle down for a long time is actually limited.

Take the influence of population migration on the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties as an example: in essence, the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, especially the Eastern Jin, Song, Qi and Liang Dynasties, were immigrant regimes, and their monarchies were all in the north; Greatly enriched the connotation of southern culture and quickly improved the level of southern culture; It has contributed to the rapid emergence of various local chronicles, foreign local chronicles, local chronicles, etc., which has triggered a change in the style of writing, which has affected the academic evolution of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties and the Sixteen Countries and Northern Dynasties. It has effectively and even supernormally promoted the economic development of many related areas; During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the military forces, mainly those who migrated to the south, played an important and even key role in resisting foreign enemies, the Northern Expedition and internal struggles. One million or even two or three million people and their descendants moved south in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was an irreversible process that their production and life style, ideas, beliefs and customs moved from north to south, regardless of their personal consciousness or family consciousness.

Fourth, the special social structure.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the four characteristics of hierarchy, patriarchal clan system, nationality and religion were particularly strong and obvious, which can be called the four characteristics of social structure in this period.

Among them, the clan with clan and hierarchy as the core becomes the ruling class.

From the Western Jin Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the rule of aristocratic families was constantly strengthened; Since the Southern Dynasties, although the political status of aristocratic families has declined, their social status is still very stable.

In connection with this, the boundaries of aristocratic families in this period were strict. With the decline of aristocratic families, the status of ordinary families gradually rose, as evidenced by the fact that the emperors in the Southern Dynasties were mostly second-class or even landlords of ordinary families.

Fifth, the changing system of laws and regulations.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, every expedient measure in the system, from the central official system to the local administrative system, was often in a transitional state, lacking a solidified system, and many systems changed at any time, from place to place, from person to person and from ethnic group. It is precisely because this is an institutional transitional era that various systems are particularly complicated.

The study of China's institutional history shows that there is a great difference between the Han system and the Tang system, which is not caused overnight, but a natural evolution of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties for more than 300 years.

Economically, the Southern Dynasties and the Six Dynasties accelerated their development, first of all, in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, westward (middle reaches of the Yangtze River) and southward (Lingnan);

In terms of production relations, the Sixteen Northern Countries and the Northern Dynasties were particularly complicated. One of its outstanding manifestations was that there were various family names at that time (scholar, guest, handmaiden, tenant, courtesy, miscellaneous, herdsman, hermit, guest, yifu, Buddha, etc.).

Culturally, Confucianism is no longer exclusive, metaphysics has become a popular trend of thought, and celebrities (Zhengshi, Zhulin, and Chinese and Korean celebrities) have their own styles. Their literary status has risen, historiography has been valued, and their status has declined. Buddhism has become China, Taoism has become official, and Confucianism, metaphysics, Buddhism and Taoism have interacted (relatively traditional in the north).

There are also many differences and characteristics between their respective regimes in different periods and their respective regions.