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Population characteristics and country composition in Asia
A striking feature of Asian countries' population situation is extremely diverse. East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia have their own characteristics, and the population development of different countries also has their own characteristics. In many countries, such as Japan and China, the population has become increasingly aging and aging, while in other countries and regions, the population is still very young or even tends to be younger. For example, in India, half of the population will be under the age of 2 by 215. Comparatively speaking, due to the implementation of population control and family planning, the population in China will rapidly age, and the population over 6 will rapidly rise from the current 11% to more than 2% by 22. The population of some countries in Asia will decrease rapidly. For example, the population of Japan will decrease from 128 million to 1 million in the next 5 years, while the population of other countries will increase first and then decrease, and the population of some countries will increase significantly in a straight line. For example, in 3 years, the population of India will surpass that of China to reach 1.5 billion. The fertility rate in Asia is also extremely unbalanced. The total fertility rate in Asia is basically 2.4, of which Hong Kong is less than 1., while Yemen, Iran and the United Arab Emirates are all above 7, and many countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia are above 5.. The fertility level spans greatly. The infant mortality rate in Asia is basically 51‰, Japan is less than 4‰, and the highest in Afghanistan and East Timor is around 15‰. Life expectancy in Asia is basically 65 years old, of which Japan is basically 85 years old, and the lowest in Laos, Bangladesh and Nepal is less than 6 years old. The differences in population status among Asian countries also include significant differences in population density, population urbanization level, population economic level and per capita resources. The diversity of population situation among Asian countries includes quite broad differences from the pre-demographic transition period to the post-demographic transition period. Different countries and regions in Asia are at different stages of population development, and the population development shows different characteristics, which can provide reference and enlightenment for different countries to formulate population policies. For example, South Korea began to implement family planning in the 196s, and the population growth rate and women's fertility rate began to drop sharply. In the 199s, the fertility rate began to be too low, and the sex ratio at birth was seriously out of balance, so the South Korean government had to adjust its birth policy and control the sex ratio of the population. This process seems to have great consistency with China's population control policy, and it is also enlightening. Japan's population began to grow rapidly after the 194s, but declined in the 197s. Now, there is a serious situation of low marriage rate, low fertility rate and high aging. The government began to implement policies to encourage population growth, which also has certain enlightenment for countries and regions under the background of aging. In addition, the experience of some countries in promoting population transition and fertility control can also provide some strategic experience and development prospects for countries that are facing, and will face, huge population growth and fertility pressure, unbalanced sex ratio pressure and aging pressure. From Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, to China, to Southeast Asian countries, India and Mongolia, it seems that in the process of population transformation, different countries will face problems such as aging, sex ratio at birth, immigration and urbanization, and the improvement of education and population quality. The population problems faced by some countries may have occurred and been successfully solved in other countries, which will enable these countries to put forward targeted population policies in light of their own reality. Asia's huge population makes it an important labor supply place and a major area for outsourcing processing under the global economic structure. Almost every adjustment of global industry can find some driving forces from the changes of labor population in Asian countries. The hollowing out of Japanese industry and the transfer of outsourcing processing to the four little dragons countries in East Asia not only resulted from the high value of the yen, but also was accompanied by the fact that the proportion of labor force began to decline in Japan at that time, while the labor force peaked in the undertaking countries. The transition period of huge manufacturing industry is often the peak period of labor population growth in capital-importing countries. This view can also explain the development of China to some extent. With the rapid growth of working-age population in China and the intensification of urban-rural migration, the eastern part of China has also begun to become a "world factory". We can predict that with the labor shortage and aging population in China, and the rising labor and business costs, labor-intensive production bases and global manufacturing centers may also shift to backward labor-rich developing countries, such as India, and the global industrial chain may be adjusted accordingly. Handling this process well will play a positive role in promoting the upgrading of production structure and the improvement of production mode in China. The impact of population development on promoting Asian economic growth is not only the role of labor, but also the demographic dividend provides a classic explanation for Asian economic growth. The demographic transition in different countries is at different stages, which will have a different impact on their future economic development. Japan's population may decrease and shrink in the future, while in India and some countries in Southeast Asia, the population will continue to grow. Therefore, there is not only a sequence of economic level, but also a sequence of demographic transition in the development of Asia. Some countries may still enjoy the extra benefits brought by demographic dividend and demographic changes to economic growth, while others are facing the increasing "population debt" and population aging brought by demographic changes, and it is necessary to consider how to solve the "post-demographic window" problem brought about by the gradual closure of the population opportunity window. However, the practice of countries in the early stage of population transformation in employment policy, population policy, industrial policy and social security policy can also provide some useful reference for the population and economic development of countries with post-population transformation. The experience of Asia tells us that there is a strong correlation between population development and economic development. The laws of population in terms of quantity, structure, quality and even birth and death are related to its development level, showing the characteristics of diversity and development sequence. Population development needs to adapt to economic development and serve the macro national development strategy. When the population is surplus to the level of economic development, we need certain policies to limit the population growth. The continuous development of economy also needs to adjust the population policy adaptively. Similarly, when thinking about the relationship between population development and economic development, we should not only pay attention to the number of population and labor force, but also pay attention to the structural changes of population and the quality of population, and the role of population structure change and population capital status in economic development. Such an influence process and way will be more complicated and lasting than simply relying on population and labor to promote economic growth.
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