/kloc-war politics in the 0/9th century

1, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement took place in China. China became a semi-colony after a series of wars and unequal treaties. The rule of the Qing dynasty is collapsing.

2. Japan launched the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and became a powerful country in East Asia.

Napoleon's war popularized nationalism and democratic ideas in Europe. At the same time, it broke many boundaries in Europe, and the areas originally ruled by religious nobles were secularized.

The German Empire was formed under the leadership of Prussia. Italy became independent. In France, the feudal monarchy was finally completely abandoned.

After the Mexican War and the Civil War, the United States basically took shape and became a powerful country in North America. Many European immigrants entered the United States.

6. The French proletariat established its own political power-Paris Commune for the first time.

Napoleonic wars

1793 ~ 18 15 Napoleon I commanded the French army to wage a series of wars against the anti-French alliance. The battlefield is mainly in continental Europe.

After the French Revolution, European monarchies tried to interfere in France. France declared war on Bohemia and Hungary on April 20th, 1792, Prussia on July 8th and Britain on February 1793. In March, Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, the Netherlands, Sardinia, Naples and other countries formed the 1 th anti-French alliance. 1in September, 793, he served as the artillery commander in Toulon fortress, defeated the Wang Party and the anti-French Coalition forces, and was promoted to brigadier general. 1794 in June, the allied forces were defeated in Flores, Belgium, forcing some countries to withdraw from the anti-French alliance, and only Britain and Austria continued to fight France. 1796 In March, Napoleon was ordered to make an expedition to northern Italy under Austrian rule. 1797 10, defeated the Austrian army in Livoli. 1 In June, 797, he forced Austria to sign the Campofomio Peace Treaty, which shattered the1anti-French alliance. 1798 At the beginning of the year, the French Governor appointed Napoleon as the commander of the expeditionary force to carry out an expedition to the East, which hindered the trade between Britain and East India. In early July of the same year, the French army landed in Egypt. Napoleon's expedition and the expansion of France's influence in the Netherlands and Switzerland prompted the anti-French countries to establish the second anti-French alliance in 1799. The main participants are Britain, Austria, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. 1799165438+1October 9 ~ 10 (foggy month 18 ~ 19) Napoleon launched a coup and established an executive government. Napoleon was in power for the first time, and then for life. After Napoleon came to power, he began to attack Britain's allies in Europe to isolate Britain.

1800 On May 8, Napoleon attacked the Austrian army in northern Italy. 14 On June 4th, the Battle of Marengo won and occupied Italy. 180 1 On February 9th, the Franco-Austrian Peace Treaty was signed in Luneville, and almost all the requirements of France were met. 1802 On March 26th, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens, and the second anti-French alliance disintegrated.

1In May, 803, France and Britain resumed the war and Napoleon occupied Hanover. 1804 Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor and became Napoleon I. In the same year, British Prime Minister W. Pitt organized the third anti-French alliance, with the main participants being Britain, Russia and Austria. 1On August 27th, 805, France began to attack the Austrian-Russian coalition forces to the west. On September 26th, Napoleon I arrived in Strasbourg from Paris. The French army to Austria * * * 186000 people. 10 year 10 on October 20th, the French army captured the Ulm fortress, and the Austrian army was defeated. The French army pursued the victory and entered Vienna on1October 1 13, and then crossed the Danube. On February 2, 65438, Napoleon I personally commanded the French army to fight a decisive battle with the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces in Austerlitz (see the color map [camping on the eve of the battle of Austerlitz (1805)]. About 1.5 thousand people were killed, 20 thousand people were captured, and the artillery was almost wiped out. Eighty thousand French troops lost less than nine thousand men. 12 On February 26th, the two sides signed the Pressburg Peace Treaty. The third anti-French alliance disintegrated.

Napoleon I established the Rhine Union in July 1806 in order to consolidate his rule in the midwest of Germany. Napoleon I's influence went deep into the hinterland of Germany and directly threatened Prussia. Prussia turned to Russia for help. 1In September, 806, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Saxony established the fourth anti-French alliance. 1806 10 The Franco-Prussian War began on 10.8, with French troops195,000 and Pujun troops175,000. The two sides fought twice in Jena and Olstadt, and Prussia was wiped out. On October 27th, 65438/kloc-0, Napoleon I entered Berlin. On October 27th, 165438+2 1 year/kloc-0, he issued a continental blockade order in Berlin and launched an economic war against Britain. The mainland blockade prevented Russian agricultural raw materials from being sold to Britain, which led Russia to declare war on France, but the Russian army lost one after another. By June 1807 and 19, the French army had driven directly to the Nieman River. The Russian army suggested a truce. 1From July 7th to 9th, 807, France successively signed the Tilsit Peace Treaty with Russia and Belgium, and the fourth anti-French alliance collapsed. In order to effectively implement the mainland blockade order against Britain, Napoleon I decided to occupy Portugal, which was unwilling to sever relations with Britain. 1807165438+1On October 29th, the French army entered Lisbon. 1808 captured Madrid again on March 23rd. 10 In May, Napoleon I appointed his younger brother Joseph king of Spain. 1809 65438+ 10, Britain and Austria formed the fifth anti-French alliance. On April 1809 and 14, the Austrian army entered Bavaria and fought fiercely with the French army in Abensburg. The Austrian army lost 1.3 million people. On April 22nd, the battle started in Ekmoor, and Napoleon I won. Napoleon I entered Vienna in May. On July 6th, the Austrian army was defeated in Vagram, and the Austrian emperor requested a truce. The Vienna Peace Treaty was signed in June+10/October+April, 65438. The fifth anti-French alliance disintegrated on its own.

18 12 Napoleon I led 5 1000 troops to Russia. On June 24th, he crossed the Niemann River and occupied Kovno. The Franco-Russian war officially began. On September 5, Borodino fought fiercely, with heavy casualties on both sides. On September 15, the French army entered Moscow. 65438+ 10/9 Napoleon's army was forced to leave Moscow because of hunger and cold. The Russian army turned to counterattack, and the French army was losing ground. By June+February of 65438, nearly 450,000 troops had been lost. On February 6th, 65438, Napoleon I returned to China. 18 13 In the spring, Russia, Britain, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Sweden formed the sixth anti-French alliance. Austria joined in August. The total number of allies is 850,000, and Napoleon's army is about 550,000. On August 27th, a great war broke out in Dresden, and Napoleon I won. 65438+1October 16 ~ 19 The two sides fought in Leipzig, and all the Saxon troops in Napoleon's army defected and the French army was defeated. 1814 65438+10 Allied troops crossed the Rhine in October. On March 30th, Marshal A.-F.-L. Malmond, who was guarding Paris, surrendered and the Allies entered Paris. Napoleon I was forced to abdicate on April 6 and was exiled to the island of Elba on April 20. 1865438+On February 26th, 2005, Napoleon I left the island of Elba and entered Paris on the evening of March 20th, beginning the "Hundred Days" rule. In order to deal with the anti-French allied forces, Napoleon I began to recruit soldiers to attack the allied forces. At this time, Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia organized the seventh anti-French alliance. /kloc-in June of 0/8, Napoleon I was defeated at Waterloo, and abdicated for the second time on the 22nd, and was exiled to St. Helena.

The early period of the Napoleonic Wars was mainly an anti-feudal national war, which was progressive. Later, the transformation was mainly a war of aggression that plundered and enslaved other ethnic groups. Napoleon I's military art mainly focused on concentrating superior forces, taking attack as the main means and annihilating the enemy as the main goal. His fighting methods are flexible, adaptable and unconventional. Napoleon's military thought occupies an important position in military history.