Review materials of geography in the second volume of the seventh grade

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

The first section, the Middle East

● Scope: The Middle East mainly includes West Asian countries (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Palestine, Israel and Egypt) except Afghanistan, and Egypt in North Africa.

1. Important geographical location: The Middle East is in a pivotal position connecting Asia, Europe and Africa, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. There are five seas around, namely Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Arabian Sea and Red Sea. (P5 1 Figure 8.3 Location of one bay, two oceans, three continents and five seas)

2. Rich oil resources:

The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, oil production and export volume in the world. This is also the reason why some big countries compete.

② Oil distribution: mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas.

③ Major oil producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Iran, etc.

(4) Most of them are transported by oil tankers from ports along the Persian Gulf to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy. ③ Oil export route: (P53 activity 3)

A: Shipped to Japan (eastbound route): Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Indian Ocean → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japan.

B: to western Europe and the United States (the shortest westbound route);

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Manderhan Canyon → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

C: to western Europe and the United States (far west route);

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

3. Abundant water resources: it is the fuse of war, and it is also the restrictive factor of developing agriculture in this area. The Middle East is located on the west coast, within the mainland through which the Tropic of Cancer passes. It is hot and dry all year round, with tropical desert climate as the main climate, and only the narrow Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast. The scarcity of water resources has a great impact on the production and even people's lives in Middle East countries.

The Middle East has a dry climate (mainly Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, subtropical and tropical desert climate, in which the tropical desert climate is characterized by high temperature and little rain all the year round), few rivers and uneven distribution, which is adopted by many countries.

4. The race in the Middle East is mainly white. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

Most countries and regions in the Middle East are mainly Arabs and believe in Islam. These countries are called "Arab countries". Persians are mainly distributed in Iran and believe in Islam. Jews are mainly distributed in Israel and believe in Judaism.

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2. Western Europe

1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, accounting for more than half of the European area. Dense population and many countries, most of which are developed countries.

2. There is a regional organization in Western Europe called the European Union (EU), with 27 member countries, all of which are developed countries. The EU plays an important role in the world economy and the international political arena. People use a unified currency called the euro.

3. The capital of Britain is London, and the capital of France is Paris; Berlin, Germany, Rome, Italy.

4. EU ranks first in the world in import and export, and it is the largest trade area in the world. Western Europe's industry is dominated by manufacturing, which is an industrial department that processes raw materials and manufactures various industrial products.

5. Developed industries, mainly processing and manufacturing industries. There is a high proportion of people engaged in manufacturing in western Europe. There are many industrial centers, which are densely distributed and cross-shaped. From Britain to Poland, from Scandinavia to Italy, it has formed a world-famous industrial intensive area.

6. The reasons for the development of animal husbandry in Europe are as follows: climate-located on the west coast of mid-latitude continent, belonging to temperate maritime climate (characteristic: mild and rainy all year round) forms juicy pastures; Terrain-the terrain is low and flat, mainly plain, which leads to the widespread grassland. Western Europeans call pasture "green gold". Therefore, animal husbandry in western Europe is developed.

7. The topographical features of Western Europe are: low terrain, mainly plains, mountainous north and south, and vast central plains. The plain is distributed in the middle, bounded by the Rhine River, the western Europe plain in the west and the Bode plain in the east. These mountains are mainly distributed in the southern and northern peninsulas. There are Scandinavian mountains in the north and Alps in the south. The Alps run east-west, which is conducive to the warm and humid air flow from the Atlantic Ocean to the inland.

(Refer to Figure 8.23 of P64, and remember: Scandinavian Mountains, Pyrenees, Apennines, Alps, Carpathians, Western Europe Plain, Bode Plain, Scandinavia, Iberia Peninsula, Apennines Peninsula, Balkans, Great Britain Island, Iceland, Danube River Lower Plain, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea and Gibraltar Strait.

8. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are the major dairy countries in the world.

9. Prosperous tourism: Western Europe is rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. The sunny Mediterranean seaside scenic spots and beaches in southern Europe, and the winding fjords in northern Europe are fascinating; The towering Alps in the middle are good places for mountaineering and skiing. Unique customs, ancient castles, solemn churches and numerous museums make Western Europe a developed region for world tourism. France, Spain and Italy have become three famous tourist countries in Europe.

10. The main tourist destinations are the host countries: Tower Bridge in London (UK), Windmill (Netherlands), Nordic Fjord Scenery (Norway), Alpine Skiing (Switzerland), Eiffel Tower in Paris (France), Spanish Bullfighting, Mediterranean Coast Scenery (Italy) and Parthenon in Athens (Greece).

3. Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa is located in the south of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world, bordering the Indian Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and at a low latitude. The terrain inclines from southeast to northwest, mainly in the plateau. (P67 Figure 8.26: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ethiopian Plateau, East African Plateau, South African Plateau, Congo Basin, Gulf of Guinea, Sahara Desert, Nile, Cape of Good Hope and Mount Kilimanjaro)

More than 90% people in this area are black, so sub-Saharan Africa is also called "black Africa".

3. The original settlements of African blacks are mainly distributed in the Gulf of Guinea and Congo Basin, that is, mainly in the west of this area.

Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, is called the equatorial snow peak.

5. Single commodity economy: export products mainly include minerals, forests, livestock products and other primary products; Imported products are industrial products such as machinery and automobiles. Such economic characteristics have made many African countries lose the market initiative. (Main P70 Activity 2, Figure 8.32)

Concept: an economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products;

Disadvantages: the low price of primary products and the high price of industrial finished products restrict the domestic economic development;

③ Reasons: the long-term rule and control of colonialists;

The way out: develop diversified agriculture, revitalize national industries, establish export processing zones, develop tourism, and change the situation that the domestic economy depends on a single product.

6. The natural population growth rate in Africa ranks first among all continents in the world (2.2%, as high as 3.0% in sub-Saharan Africa). The population growth rate is too fast, which exceeds the growth rate of food and economy, and has constituted an increasingly serious population problem and food problem. Due to the long-term rule and control of colonialism, the science and technology in this area are backward, the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry is very low, and food can never be self-sufficient. However, the population is growing too fast and needs more food and meat, so people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand the cultivated land area, or overgrazing, which leads to the decline of soil fertility and grassland degradation, aggravates land desertification and gradually deteriorates the ecological environment. Solution: control population; Improve the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry; Protect the natural environment.

7. The main climate types in sub-Saharan Africa are savanna climate (the most widely distributed, characterized by high temperature all year round, obvious seasonal differences in precipitation, and obvious dry and wet seasons) and tropical rain forest climate. Countries in savannah areas are often threatened by drought.

8. Inadequate food supply, backward production level, and reclamation of grasslands and forests have caused environmental degradation, which has become a common problem for all countries in this region.

9. The climate in this area is mainly tropical, so it is the hometown of many tropical cash crops, such as coffee and cocoa.

10 Many mineral resources in this area occupy an important position in the world, such as diamonds and copper.

4. Australia

1, Australia's four nicknames: the World Museum of Living Fossils, a country monopolizing a continent, a country riding on a sheep's back, and a country sitting on a mine car.

2. World Museum of Living Fossils: Australia is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, surrounded by the sea, and is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent. 65 million years ago, the Australian mainland separated from other continents and developed independently. For a long time, the natural conditions are relatively simple, the evolution of animals is slow, and there is no invasion of large carnivores. Many rare primitive animals were born and multiplied to this day. Endemic animals are kangaroos, emus, koalas, platypus and so on.

3. country riding on sheep's back: Australia has the most sheep and exported wool in the world.

4. Using the natural conditions in different regions, Australia has developed agriculture according to local conditions and formed four different farming and pastoral areas. (P74 Figure 8.37, understand the distribution of farming-pastoral zone. )

5. Australia is a vast country with a small population, with an average population density of only 2.5 people /km2, which is about 1/46 of China. The mechanization of agriculture and animal husbandry production is high. Besides wool, it is also an important exporter of beef and wheat in the world.

6. Australia's topography: mountainous in the east, mainly plain in the middle and plateau in the west. There is a great watershed from north to south in the east. Murray river, the largest river in China, rises west of the Great Divide and flows southwest into the Indian Ocean. There is a world-famous Great Barrier Reef on the northeast coast. The vast low plateau in the west accounts for about half of the national area. The middle is a large area of plain, and the lowest place is Lake Ayr. There are few rivers on the plain, but groundwater is abundant. When a well is dug in a low-lying area in the middle of the plain, groundwater can automatically flow out of the ground and become a artesian well, so people also call it "great artesian basin". P75 Understand the main geographical things in Australia: Great Watershed, murray river, Australian Basin, Northern Lake Aier, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Tasmania. )

7. The country sitting on the harvester: Australia is rich in mineral resources, and many mineral reserves rank among the top in the world, such as iron ore in the west; Coal mines on the east coast and bauxite mines in the northeast. The exploitation and export of Australian mineral products also occupy an important position in the world. More than half of the minerals mined in Australia are exported, and Australia is one of the major exporters of mineral products in the world. Distribution of minerals: iron ore (west), coal mine (east) and bauxite (north). (P77 Figure 8.40 knows the position of several minerals in the figure)

8. The service industry has become a pillar industry of the Australian economy.

9. Australia's cities and population are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. Canberra, the capital, Sydney is the largest industrial center and port city in China, and Melbourne is the second largest city in China. (P77 Figure 8.40 Remember the locations of major cities in the picture)

10, Tropic of Capricorn passes through central Australia, located in tropical and south temperate zones, with the most widely distributed tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate. (P76 Figure 8.39 illustrates the climate type and distribution in Australia)

1 1, topography and agriculture and animal husbandry: the west is a vast low plateau with an altitude of less than 1000 meters, and the middle is a large plain with abundant groundwater and excellent grassland, and there are no large carnivores, so it is suitable for grazing.

12, Climate and Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: The central, western and northern parts of Australia have a vast tropical desert climate and a hot grassland climate, which is relatively dry and suitable for livestock wintering and reproduction. The southeast is hot and rainy in summer and mild and humid in winter; Southwest China is mild and humid in winter and hot and dry in summer, which is suitable for both animal husbandry and planting, so mixed agriculture has been developed in these areas.

13, more than 70% of the sheep in Australia are concentrated in the mixed management area along the southeast coast, and there are relatively few sheep in other vast areas. Because the terrain in the southeast and southwest is relatively flat, the climate in the southwest is suitable, and the precipitation is relatively abundant in other areas. Although the southeast is located in the rain shadow area of a large watershed, water diversion irrigation can meet the needs of wheat planting and animal husbandry utilization, which is conducive to the development of mixed agriculture in this area.

Chapter 9: Countries in the Western Hemisphere

Section 1 America

I. Physical and geographical features, population and agriculture in the United States

1, geographical location:

Latitude location: most of the United States is located in the northern temperate zone, only Alaska is located in the northern cold zone, and Hawaii is in the tropics.

② Hemispheric location: The United States is located in the northern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

② Land and sea location: the United States is surrounded by the sea on three sides, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Gulf of Mexico in the southeast, Canada in the north and Mexico in the southwest; Alaska borders on the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean; Hawaii is located near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean.

2. Territorial composition: The mainland consists of 48 states and a special zone, and overseas states include Alaska and Hawaii.

3. Topography: It is divided into three longitudinal zones: the high Cordillera system in the west and the Rocky Mountains as the main mountains; The central part is a vast plain, and the eastern part is a low Appalachian Mountains.

4. Population: a large number of immigrants. The United States is the third most populous country in the world, and its population is mainly composed of European white descendants (84%), Asian immigrant descendants (yellow race), blacks (13%, whose ancestors were sold as slaves) and indigenous Indians (yellow race), with a small number; There are nearly 2.4 million Chinese overseas Chinese in the United States. The cities with the largest number of overseas Chinese are San Francisco, Los Angeles and new york.

5. The favorable conditions for developing agriculture in the United States:

Location: The United States has a vast territory, most of which are located in temperate and subtropical zones, while Hawaii is located in the tropics, which is rich in heat and is conducive to the development of agricultural production. The United States is surrounded by the sea on three sides and is influenced by the ocean. The climate is warm and humid, which is very beneficial to agricultural production.

(2) Topography: The United States is dominated by plains, which account for more than12 of the country's total area, and the cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land. Fertile soil is conducive to agricultural development.

③ Climate: The climate of the United States is dominated by temperate continental climate, which is characterized by diversity. The high temperature period of temperate continental climate is consistent with the rainy period. The annual precipitation in the United States decreases from southeast to northwest, and the precipitation to the east of the Rocky Mountain is more than 500mm, so the water condition is good.

There are many rivers and lakes in America, and the Mississippi River is the fourth longest river in the world. It runs through the central part of the United States, with a large amount of water and a wide basin area. The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater lakes in the world. The Mississippi River and the Great Lakes provide good conditions for agricultural irrigation.

With superior natural conditions, the United States has vigorously developed agriculture and become a world agricultural power. The output and export volume of many agricultural products are among the highest in the world. The United States is the country that exports the most products in the world, mainly because American agriculture has two characteristics: mechanization and specialization.

6, the main agricultural belt

Reasons for the formation of agricultural belt

Dairy belt is located in the north, with a cold and humid climate, which is suitable for pasture growth. And this is the manufacturing belt, city and population of the United States.

Bumi, so animal husbandry is very developed.

Corn belt belongs to temperate zone, with low and flat terrain, fertile soil and high temperature in spring and summer, which is suitable for corn growth.

The cotton belt was originally a cotton belt, but due to the decline of soil fertility and other reasons, cotton planting has declined. Now it has become a major animal husbandry.

Crop planting area

The wheat belt is low and flat, with good soil quality and long cold winter, which is suitable for the growth of wheat with strong cold tolerance. The Mississippi River provides irrigation.

Make a good deal

Animal husbandry irrigation belt The terrain here is plateau and high mountain, with large relief and little precipitation, which is suitable for developing animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture.

The subtropical crop belt is located along the Gulf of Mexico, with subtropical monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy all the year round, which is suitable for the growth of subtropical crops.

Second, American industry.

1, the base of the world's high-tech industry: the United States is the world's first economic power, with high industrial modernization intensity, complete industrial categories, world-leading output value, rich new products and large output, and many industrial products rank among the world's leading industrial countries. There is a key factor for the United States to become the first economic power. The United States has always paid attention to the development of knowledge economy and vigorously developed knowledge-intensive high-tech industries. "Silicon Valley" is the largest high-tech industrial zone in the world.

2. Three industrial zones

industrial area

Main resources

the Northeast area

Coal and iron

There are many excellent ports along the Atlantic coast, and the Great Lakes and Mississippi River are convenient for water transportation.

The west of the country.

Forests and gold mines

Southern region

petroleum

Ports and convenient railway transportation in the Gulf of Mexico.

Beams along the Pacific coast

Port, through the eastern United States

Western railway, etc.

Transport condition

Petroleum, aerospace,

Aircraft, electronic products, etc.

Steel, automobile, chemistry

Major departments

The major cities are new york, Houston, Atlanta, San Francisco and Los Angeles.

Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans, Dallas, Seattle

3. Resource-consuming country: The United States is the largest resource-consuming country and waste-emitting country in the world, and should bear the main responsibility for the sustainable development of world resources and environment.

Section 1 America

1. This territory consists of three parts: 48 native states, Alaska and Hawaii.

Two. geographical position

1. Land and sea location: The main part of the United States is located in the south-central part of North America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Gulf of Mexico in the south, Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. Alaska: Located in the northwest corner of North America, it borders the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean in the north and south, Canada in the west and Russia across the Bering Strait in the east; Hawaii: Located near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean, it consists of a series of islands.

2. Latitude location: the main body is located in the north temperate zone, most of Alaska is located in the north cold zone, and Hawaii is located in the tropics.

1, Indians are native Americans. Among the ethnic groups, whites account for 84%, followed by blacks 13%, and there are about 1.6 million Chinese and overseas Chinese.

2. After emigrating to the United States, after a long period of integration, immigrants from various countries gradually converge in culture, language and life, forming a unified American nation.

4. The topography of the United States: it is roughly distributed in the north and south, with the high Rocky Mountains in the west, the low Appalachian Mountains in the east and the vast plains in the middle, of which the plains account for more than half of the total area of the United States (the cultivated land area is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land area). )

The output and export of agricultural products in the United States are the highest in the world, such as corn and soybeans.

6. Agricultural production in the United States has been mechanized and specialized.

7. Do you still remember Figure 9.5 on page P82 and the contents in the three boxes on the figure (the following geographical elements are known in the figure: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Canada, Mexico, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Great Lakes, Mississippi River, Appalachian Mountains and St. Lawrence River)? Remember the location of the main agricultural belt in P85 Figure 9.9.

8. The United States is a big agricultural country, the most developed industrial country, the base of high-tech industry, the largest economic country in the world, and the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

9. Silicon Valley in the southeast of San Francisco is the earliest and largest high-tech center in the United States.

10. Remember the distribution of major industrial cities in P87 activities 1(2) Figure 9. 12.

Brazil in the second quarter

1. Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, ranking fifth in both population and area in the world.

There is almost no racial prejudice in Brazil. In Brazil, whites account for more than half, mulattoes account for about 40%, blacks account for 6%, Indians account for less than 1%, and there are a few Japanese and China people. So Latin America is a mixed-race society.

3. Brazil's world is the best: the largest plain, the Amazon plain; The largest plateau is the Brazilian plateau; The Amazon River is the largest river in the world, covering the largest tropical rain forest on earth, 60% of which is in Brazil. (Remember P90 Figure 9. 18: Masson Plain, Brazilian Plateau, Amazon River, Atlantic Ocean, parana river, S? o Paulo, Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro)

Most of Brazil is located in the tropics, and it is a vast tropical country in the world, with a tropical rain forest climate and a savanna climate.

5. Brazil's iron ore reserves are large, its texture is excellent, and its output and export volume are among the highest in the world. Itabira open-pit iron mine is mainly distributed in the southeast and is the largest iron mine in Brazil.

6. In modern industry, steel, shipbuilding, automobile and aircraft manufacturing have leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world.

7. Itaipu Hydropower Station is located on the parana river, which was jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay.

The output of coffee (known as the coffee kingdom), citrus and sugarcane all ranks first in the world.

9. The Brazilian Environmental Report submitted by the Brazilian government shows the determination to change the previous development model at the expense of the environment and turn to a new development model of sustainable development.

10 and1In June 1992, the United Nations General Assembly was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and adopted the 2 1 World Agenda.

1 1, the function of tropical rain forest: 1) Provide fresh air for the whole world 2) conserve water and protect fresh water resources 3) protect soil and prevent soil erosion 4) regulate global climate 5) provide good habitat and maintain biodiversity.

12, Brazil's cities are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas, and large cities are very concentrated. Urban population accounts for 3/4 of the total population. Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil and one of the world's megacities.

13, Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro on the coast to Brasilia in the central plateau.

● Brazil's geographical location, race, industry and agriculture.

1, geographical location: most of them are located between the equator and the tropic of Capricorn, belonging to the tropics; East of the Atlantic Ocean.

2. National melting pot: Brazilian indigenous Indians created a splendid ancient civilization-Mayan civilization. Brazil has a complex ethnic group, with white people accounting for a little more than half. Different races gather in Brazil, they intermarry with each other, and many of their descendants become hybrids. Half-blood accounts for 40% and black accounts for 6%. Latin America is a mixed-race society and a "national melting pot".

3. Agriculture is an important basic sector of Brazil's national economy. Brazil is an important exporter of tropical cash crops. The output of coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world, and it is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world. Crops are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas.

4. Industry: Brazil is rich in iron ore and hydropower resources. Iron ore is mainly distributed in the southeast, so Brazil's heavy industry is mainly distributed in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro on the southeast coast. Because there are high-quality iron ore, abundant water power, convenient transportation, dense population and broad market.

Four. Environmental problems and urbanization in Brazil

1, Crisis of Tropical Rainforest: The Amazon River is located in the north of Brazil, and it is the largest river in the world-the Amazon River basin covers the largest tropical rainforest on the earth, and 60% of it is in Brazil. On the one hand, tropical rain forest can provide a large number of natural resources, such as wood, fruit and so on; On the other hand, it has environmental protection functions such as water conservation, soil protection, soil erosion prevention and air purification. But Brazil's vast tropical rain forest is being seriously damaged by human beings. The crisis of tropical rain forest is mainly caused by arbitrary logging and predatory immigrant agriculture.

Due to the massive felling of tropical rain forests, it has affected the climate in Brazil and even the whole world, reduced biological resources, caused serious soil erosion and destroyed the global ecological environment. From 65438 to 0990, the Brazilian government submitted a report on Brazil's environment to the United Nations Conference on Environment Development, determined to develop tropical rain forests in a sustainable way.

2. Urbanization: More than 90% of Brazil's population and cities are located in the eastern coastal areas. There are many problems in the process of urbanization, such as "shortage of resources, traffic congestion, housing difficulties, serious pollution, etc."

Chapter 10 Polar Regions

1, the Arctic region is located at the northernmost part of the earth, which refers to the vast area (Arctic Circle) north of 66.5 north latitude, including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as coastal lands and islands in Asia, Europe and North America. (p 100 map 10. 1: Find out the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Europe and North America)

2. Antarctica is located at the southernmost tip of the earth, in a vast area south of latitude 66.5 (Antarctic Circle), including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. (p 10 1 map 10.2: Looking for Antarctica, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean)

3. Climatic characteristics of Antarctic region: severe cold, dryness and strong wind. Reasons: The Antarctic region is located in high latitudes, the height of the sun is very small, the sunlight is very weak, and the ground receives the least sunlight in one year; At high altitude, the ground is covered with ice and snow, reflecting some solar radiation; The low temperature makes the Antarctic continent form a strong high pressure center, with scarce precipitation and strong wind.

The Antarctic region is the coldest place on the earth, and is known as "the world's cold pole" and "the snow plateau". In addition, it is also known as the "white desert" and "wind bank" on the earth. Icebergs are a striking natural landscape near the Antarctic continent.

4. Climatic characteristics of the Arctic: Most of the Arctic is ocean, so the temperature is not as cold as that of the Antarctic, the precipitation is more than that of the Antarctic, and the wind speed is far less than that of the Antarctic.

Penguin is the symbol of the South Pole and polar bear is the representative of the North Pole.

6. In the Arctic, every direction points to the south; At the South Pole, every direction points to the north.

7. Antarctica is the "big warehouse" of natural resources: rich minerals are buried underground; There are a lot of solid fresh water resources stored on the ground; Countless marine life inhabits the coast; And the original natural environment.

8. At present, 18 countries have established more than 140 scientific research stations in Antarctica. On February 65, 438+0985, China's first Antarctic research station, the Great Wall Station, was established on King George Island, Antarctica. February 26th 1989 Zhongshan Station was established. (remember that these two stations are in the upper position in P 10 1 figure 10.2). The Great Wall stands in the northwest of Zhongshan Station, and Zhongshan stands in the southeast of Great Wall Station. Sun Yat-sen Station has the phenomenon of day and night extreme value (because Sun Yat-sen Station is located within the Antarctic Circle, while Great Wall Station is located outside the Antarctic Circle). Zhongshan Station is located in the Eastern Hemisphere (Indian Ocean coast), and Great Wall Station is located in the Western Hemisphere (Atlantic coast).

9. In order to protect the ecological environment of Antarctica and make peaceful use of Antarctica, 1959 12 countries, including Australia and Argentina, signed the Antarctic Treaty. 1983 China formally joined the Antarctic treaty.

10. Why should the Antarctic research station in China be set up in February? (Because June 5438+065438+ 10 is the warm season in Antarctica and the temperature is high; Secondly, it is in the extreme daytime, and the daytime is long, which is conducive to carrying out scientific investigation activities and building stations. )