Overview of Yongke -88 bomber

In World War II, the Royal Air Force and the German Air Force each had an all-round fighter. Mosquitoes in haviland and Ju88 in Junker.

The structure of Ju88 must be thanked by a group of engineers recruited from America, who have experience in designing light metal and load-bearing skin structures. Because the Dessau factory in junkers does not have the technical ability to design advanced structures, Dr. junkers hired some high-quality designers from the United States. They started to build their own JU88 prototype from May 1936, and did not follow the original idea of Dessau factory. 1in March, 939, the fifth prototype, Jo88vs, had a load of 2,000 kilograms, setting a new world record for fixed-point flight 1000 kilometers with an average speed of 5 17 kilometers per hour. At this time, the speed is equivalent to the maximum speed of the British Hurricane fighter when it was delivered to the Royal Air Force. A few months later, the plane carried the same load and continued to fly 2000 kilometers at an average speed of 500 kilometers per hour. Its excellent performance worries the British and French aviation departments!

In the third week of World War II, Ju88 carried out its first mission, which was later ridiculed. 1On September 26th, 939, Captain Helmut Boller led four Ju88s belonging to the 30th Bomber Wing. 13: 00 (in the afternoon 1: 00), they set off from westland Airport on SYI Island. The attack was carried out by the battleship hood. The British fleet was unscathed except that a bomb grazed the hood, but private Carlo Frank, who was driving Ju88, claimed that the 500 kg bomb he threw hit the Royal Ark 1 ... Therefore, the Nazi propaganda department beautified the report that the Royal Ark was sunk. After the news was confirmed, apart from the official embarrassment, Frank was transferred back to Lacillin and returned to his old job as a test pilot.

Although the Ju88 got off to a bad start, it began to shine after correcting all the problems that would occur in new aircraft. The problem focused on this high-speed bomber is the dive deceleration device hinged under the front main beam of the two wings. Because the fuselage of Ju88 has been under great stress, the use of dive deceleration device makes the situation worse, thus limiting the control risk of aircraft in high-speed flight. When Ju88 took part in the Battle of Britain, this shortcoming was greatly improved, but its other fatal shortcoming was always ignored by the Germans themselves-the lack of defensive weapons was the most important reason for Ju88' s defeat. However, the RAF acquiesced that the Ju88 was the most threatening bomber.

Before the autumn of 1943, almost all the Ju88 assembly lines were fully producing their own bomber models. However, after the war became increasingly tense, the production focus shifted to the fighter model.

In the battle, the allied forces got several different models of Ju88 unexpectedly and fortunately, so they can fully understand its development process. 1In the summer of 1940, the Allies acquired a Ju88A- 1, which was repaired the following spring and made a limited test flight in Van Paul. 1941On July 24th, a Ju88A-6 accidentally landed at the semi-finished Los Gedi airport near Bristol; Four months later, namely 194 1 year1month, it snowed unexpectedly in Chivenor on Ju88A-5 again. On May 9th, 1943, the 10 squadron belonging to the 3rd Night Fighter Wing, and the Ju88R- 1 equipped with Lichtenstein)BC radar landed at Limosol Airport in Lusi Island. 1On July 3rd, 944, the pilot who misread the compass orientation on his way back from the North Sea landed in woodbridge, Eosex. The aircraft belonged to the 7th Squadron of the 2nd Night Fighter Wing, and was equipped with open-cut SN-2 radar and flensburg guidance equipment.

It snowed unexpectedly in 194 1 year1month, and the Jo88 A-5 of Winona was renumbered as hm509. After several test flights by different pilots of the Royal Air Force, I had the opportunity to fly it myself in the autumn of 1.943. The plane was repainted with the Air Force emblem and appeared in the film. Ju88A-5 cockpit, which can accommodate four crew members, is very narrow: of course, I don't doubt that this configuration will help improve the fighting and cooperation spirit among crew members.

The cockpit like a greenhouse is equipped with a large number of metal frames to support the optical flat glass without damaging the horizon. I am of medium height and can sit up straight. The pilot's seat position can be adjusted back and forth according to the distance between him and the pedal. In the engine room layout, both the instrument layout and the classification of control components are better than those of German aircraft in the past. It's just that the position of the throttle lever is too low, so after the first stage of accelerating the engine to pull up, it is necessary to continue pushing and pulling with the backhand to continue the later control action.

The jumper211g-1engine can be started manually or electrically, and the starting steps are very simple. When taking off, the rated output is 1200 horsepower, the speed of 250m is 24 00 rpm, and 1 2 10 horsepower. Ju88A-5 and B-1 are temporarily equipped with Jumo 2 1 1G, which will be replaced by Jumo21/J engines with high output in the future; The latter improves the relatively flat crankshaft,

Full cover OVL supercharger blades, improved supercharging/jet pump control system, supercharging cooling system, and air inlet installed at the rear end of the engine. Jumo 2 1 1 J engine should have been installed on Ju88A-4, but due to the manufacturing delay, A-5 with similar fuselage was involved. Finally, we had to temporarily use Jumo 211g-1with less electricity consumption.

Ju88 has excellent braking performance, and it is easy to control the taxiing of aircraft. Before taxiing, loosen the tail wheel lock and completely open the oil and radiator of the cooling system. After taxiing for more than ten meters, you can completely straighten the tail wheel, then aim at the runway, and complete the hydraulic anti-interlock operation in turn, with the flaps down by one third and the cooler cheeks open by one third. The rudder and secondary balancer are set to "zero", and the elevator is set to "slightly heavier nose". Due to the poor installation position of the throttle control lever, it is difficult to operate the throttle during take-off. If the throttle valve is opened too fast, the plane will drift easily. The joystick should be pushed forward hard and the tail should be lifted, so that the rudder can function as soon as possible.

When taking off with full load, the plane needs a long taxiing distance. The ground speed of the aircraft is 130 km/h, and the safe take-off speed of a single engine is 225 km/h. The plane climbs slowly with full load, but it has excellent maneuverability. The normal cruising speed is quite high, and the steering force of rudder and auxiliary wing is very light within the speed range, but the elevator is heavy, but the automatic tail inclination control system will play a role in time when doing any big action. When the control device is installed on the wing of the dive deceleration device. When the joystick is pushed forward, the elevator automatically adjusts the angle to make the plane dive; Pull speed brake back to level the plane. For its huge size, the dive action of Ju88 should be scary, but it has excellent maneuverability when diving, and many actions are handled by automatic control system. When diving automatically, adjust the propeller angle at any time to prevent overspeed; If the elevator breaks down when the plane is pulling up, the pilot must deal with it manually immediately to prevent the crash.

The landing of JU88 is much easier than rumored. It is speculated that this vague rumor is due to the fact that some pilots of the New Zealand Air Force have never met such an excellent plane and cannot adapt. Before landing, put down the landing gear and flaps to test the stall characteristics. There was no obvious sign before the stall, and it happened suddenly when the speed dropped to 148 km. The wing immediately descended rapidly. This feature may also be a rumor that it is difficult to land. After understanding the stall characteristics, reduce the speed to 225km, pull the flap handle from the neutral position to the first quarter, and put down the flap at the same time.

When entering the site at the speed of 193km/h, the performance of the automatic tail inclination control system is good, so only obvious thrust is felt. When flying near the runway landing sign, pull the throttle to the bottom, reduce the speed to 177 km/h, and control the tail droop. But if the tail is lowered too early, the rudder will be blocked by the fuselage and the plane will shake. Because JU-88 is equipped with two hydraulic pumps driven by engines, there is generally no emergency, so it is not tested, but I still keep its operation in mind. Open the landing gear door first. When the speed is lower than 220km/h, try to operate the manual pump for three minutes to lower the main landing gear.

Ju88G- 1 coated with TPI 90 serial number is completely different from series A. The former adopts a large vertical leading edge and vertical tail which are different from those of the JU88 bomber, while the horizontal wing surface is relatively backward. The G- 1 model greatly increases the equipment needed for night operation, but it also leads to some shortcomings such as poor stability. The liquid-cooled ring radiator Jumo 2 1 1 has also been replaced by BMW 80 1D air-cooled star engine. The cockpit is slightly different from the bomber. For example, the button on the throttle lever can be used to change the pitch of the propeller, and the armor is heavier and more than before.

The machine has added a lot of equipment; FuG 109 HF communication machine, Fug16ziya communication machine, FuG25 IFF, Fug 1 1A radio altimeter, FuBL2 blind approach receiver, PeGe6 radio compass, FuG 120A automatic ground azimuth recording device. Although the equipment has been added, its mobility is not far from that of Ju88A-5 due to the replacement of a generator with higher power. Half a year later, that is,194510/October 17, I was able to conduct the second test flight of TP 1 90.

1642 On June 2nd, 1945, I was ordered to fly back to the latest u88G-6C (factory number: 62 1642) night fighter from Northern Ireland and Ireland, which landed at the Irish Army Light Air Force Airport in Gomas. The pilot immigrated to South Africa before the war, and was recalled to Germany after the war began. But when he confirmed that the empire was about to collapse, he led the crew. With the help of radar, he flew along the Irish coast at an altitude of 120 meters, and then descended to Germantown to surrender. Being able to land on the wet grass runway with a length of only 275 meters is really superb.

Ju88G-6C is equipped with Jumo 2 13A engine. The output is 1750 horsepower plus 107 kg exhaust thrust at takeoff. At the same time, the engine drives the automatic constant speed propeller. At that time, there was little fuel left and the load was light. I took off at full power from the 275-meter runway. In order to avoid being hit by mistake, I applied to escort the Spitfire fighter stationed in Anse to Van Paul. The first people who greeted me when I arrived were colleagues from the Royal Aircraft Department, who were eager to witness the new airborne radar in Germany. Later, Yu Fanbao had another high-speed test flight of Ju88G-6 (factory number 62 1965). At an altitude of 9 145 meters, its speed can reach 644 kilometers per hour. After I came back from Northern Ireland, I also made a test flight of JU88A. This aircraft also uses Jumo 2 13A engine with automatic control system, without pressure gauge and spiral pitch control device. The flight characteristics of JU 188A are similar to those of Ju88G-6, but the view is better: Germans are used to the cabin environment in greenhouse.

Ju88 and Fw 190 are probably the best military aircraft in Germany in World War II. In terms of function, the former is indeed an excellent bomber and a long-range heavy fighter-bomber. At the same time, it has anti-ship, anti-armor and reconnaissance functions. However, the plane needs pilots with considerable skills to control it, which is exactly the type that these pilots dream of.