Why can Russia persist for so long, and when it is destroyed, its combat effectiveness is also very strong. Why was the northern part of Sakhalin finally occupied by Russia?

The ancestors of Russia are Slavs. In the 9th century, Slavs established their first country in Europe-Kiev-Russia (now Ukraine). /kloc-In the 20th century, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) in the Balkans introduced the Orthodox Church (Christianity) into Kiev-Russia, forming a fusion of Byzantine culture and Slavic culture. Due to the invasion of Mongols, the Europeanization of Russia was interrupted in the13rd century.

Due to the failure of the war, Russia reflected on the mistakes of the previous decentralized rule and formed a * * * understanding for the later centralized rule. With the decline of Mongols and the gradual rise of Moscow, by the end of 16, the Grand Duchy of Moscow unified several other principalities, and in 1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was crowned czar, and the Kremlin was established. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into the politics, economy and economy of northeast Russia.

The Russian unification war after the establishment of Moscow Principality is similar to the internal unification war of Jin people. The struggle of Moscow people from Linhai Xueyuan to overthrow the Golden Tent khanate is similar to the war of Jin people from Linhai Xueyuan to overthrow Liao country. After Russian unification, the Grand Duchy of Moscow began to expand to Zhang Zhilu.

Russia's expansion in Europe began with the destruction of two small Tatar khanates by Emperor Ivan Reddy. In order to compete for the northern seaport, Emperor Ivan Reddy also launched the Livonia War for 25 years, but failed.

The breakthrough of Russia's expansion in Europe occurred in the era of Peter the Great one hundred years later. Tsar romanov and Tsar Ryurik are in the same strain in the expansion of Russia. In order to get Russia to the North Sea, Peter the Great went to the Northern War from 1700- 172 1. After 2 1 year of hard fighting, Peter the Great finally defeated Sweden, the northern arch enemy, won the Baltic Sea and established the famous Petersburg. After this war, Sweden completely withdrew from the ranks of big countries and became a peaceful small country.

The era of Russia's great expansion in Europe was the reign of Catherine the Great. Through the Russian-Turkish war of 1768- 1774, Russia defeated the Turkish Empire, annexed the Crimean Khanate, and gained a port to the Black Sea that was more important than the northern port. Since then, Catherine the Great's Russian expansion has been handy and effortless. She easily carved up Poland with Puao three times, and Poland disappeared completely. Poland has more than 700,000 square kilometers of land, and Russia has more than 400,000 square kilometers, which is the biggest winner.

Alexander I, the grandson of Catherine the Great, struggled with the powerful Napoleonic Empire. After a tragic defeat,

Facing the powerful offensive of Napoleon's empire, the Jedi fought back, defeated Napoleon's empire and annexed Poland, which had been liberated by Napoleon, with the unique hard-working characteristics developed by Russians on the snowy land of Linhai for thousands of years, with the help of cold weather. In this way, Russia has become the overlord of Europe and is unique in Europe.

1848, tsar Nicholas I suppressed the European revolution, and Russia became more arrogant. 1853- 1856, in order to break through the Mediterranean, Russia broke out the Crimean war with Britain, France and Turkey. As a result, Russia was defeated and ceded territory for peace. Nicholas I became the first czar in the Russian Empire to cede land, so he committed suicide angrily. This also illustrates the difficulty of Russia's expansion in Europe. Russia was beaten back to its original shape and reduced to a second-class power.

Russia's expansion in Asia is effortless and fruitful. This is because, first, there is a large area of open space in northern Asia; Second, North Asia has few residents and is primitive. The Russians treat them just as the Spaniards treat the Indians.

16 13 years, the Romanov dynasty was established, the Russian mainland was stable, and Russia's exploration in North Asia also advanced to the Lena River basin. 1632, Russian businessmen built Yakutsk Castle, Russia's first city in North Asia, where the Tsar set up the Governor's Office, and Russian officials began to take over the expansion of North Asia.

The Russians advanced to the Sea of Okhotsk at 1639. After that, they fought the Buryat Mongols in the area around Lake Baikal. The original Buryat is no match for Russian firearms. In the 1970s, Russians occupied Lake Baikal.

1689, the Russians who invaded the Heilongjiang River valley signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar with the Qing Empire, which was their first retreat in Asia. However, they still occupied the area east of Lake Baikal. In fact, the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is unequal.

The representative of the Qing Dynasty once put forward the first plan to reach the Arctic Ocean with the Lena River as the boundary, and then gave in and put forward the second plan, that is, to take the northern branch of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains (Beishan) as the boundary until the northernmost point of the Asian continent (Chukchi Peninsula) sank into the deep sea. But in the end, because of the ability of the representatives of the Qing army who negotiated and their desire to counter the rebellion in Junggar, they gave up the second plan and the millions of square kilometers of land again, and even gave up the third plan with Lake Baikal as the boundary. Finally, with the Ergon River as the boundary, the vast and rich land of Siberia and the Mongolian close relatives living on it have since become the land and people of Russia. China gave up its territory from the Ergon River to Lake Baikal in this treaty, which is actually unfavorable to China. In Song of Seven Sons, Mr. Wen Yiduo indicated that the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was an unequal treaty: "... from the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu to the Treaty of Dalian Lease, our country lost its land, lost the support of the motherland, was abused by others, and bore its sorrow, which covered more than seven sons of Taifeng ...".

Later, China lost a large area of territory under the Treaty of Love. The treaty made China lose about 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains (that is, outer Manchuria). The Treaty of Aihui between Qing Russia and China was the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government.

1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Newels coy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and set up an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia, a large number of Russian troops invaded Heilongjiang, occupying the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and the banks of the lower reaches. 1857, 18 On February 29th, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou. Upon learning of this situation, the Russian government held a meeting of the "Special Committee" on10.5, 1858. The meeting adopted Muraviev's opinion on continuing to "emigrate" to Heilongjiang and conducting diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government by force. After the meeting, the Russian government informed the Qing government that Muraviev was ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If the Qing government wanted to solve the "Heilongjiang problem", Muraviev, escorted by two gunboats, met with Yi Shan, the general of Qing Heilongjiang. Muraviev said that he came here to "help China defend Britain" and "defend its own territory", and "for the benefit of both sides, Qing and Russia must demarcate along the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers". Yi Shan pointed out that the border between the two countries has been "agreed and observed according to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu" and has never changed for hundreds of years. Today, if you do what you agreed, it will be difficult to accommodate you. "This negotiation is very controversial. Before the meeting, Muraviev handed the "Draft Treaty" drafted by Russia to Yi Shan and gave him an answer the next day. The essence of this draft is to tear up the "Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty" of Qing Russia and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River. In the second negotiation, Ai Shentai, a representative of the Qing government, flatly rejected the unreasonable demands made by Russia and returned the "Draft Treaty" to Birov, a representative of Russia. Due to the unreasonable troubles of the Russian side, the negotiations ended without results. Muraviev, who was impatient, personally put forward the final text of the treaty in the form of an ultimatum, forced Yishan to sign it, and threatened: "We can't negotiate with the people of China by peaceful means! "That night, Russian warships fired. According to the order given to Yishan by the Qing authorities in advance, Yishan had no right to sign a treaty with Russia at all. Therefore, the Qing government did not ratify the Love Faint Treaty, and punished Yishan and others afterwards. The Treaty of Love and Glory between Russia and Qing Dynasty was the first unequal treaty between Russia and Qing Dynasty that was forced by Russia.

Since then, Russia has pushed its luck, coupled with the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government, humiliating the country, exchanging territory for peace, and the later Beijing Treaty, which made Russia occupy more than one million square kilometers of land north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River of the Qing government. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, Russia invaded more than 500,000 square kilometers of land in the northwest of the Qing Empire through unequal treaties such as the Northwest Border Reconnaissance Agreement.

By the outbreak of World War I, Russia had become a great empire with an area of 22.8 million square kilometers. Looking at Russia's aggression and expansion on the east-west line, the focus is on Europe, and the czar government is personally involved; Asia is not the key point, which was mainly completed by private forces in the early stage and taken over by the czar government in the later stage. It can be seen that Russia's expansion from top to bottom is very strong. Foreign expansion has become an important feature of Russian national character.