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Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was an outstanding mathematician and scientist in China. People in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Han people, the word Wen Yuan. Born in Yuanjia for six years and died in Hou Yongyuan for two years. His ancestral home is Qiu County, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). My grandfather is in charge of civil engineering, and my father is knowledgeable. Zu Chongzhi received scientific knowledge from his family since childhood. When I was young, I entered Hualin University and engaged in academic activities. Throughout his life, he served as an official in South Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang), such as Shi, Fu joined the army, Lou Junling (now the northeast of Kunshan County), Servant Shooter and Changshui Captain. Its main contributions are in mathematics, astronomical calendar and machinery. In mathematics, he wrote a book "Composition", which was included in the famous "Ten Books of Calculating Classics" as a textbook of imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty, but it was later lost. Sui Shu Li Zhi left a brief record about pi, and Zu Chongzhi calculated the true value of pi between 3. 14 15926 (number) and 3. 14 15927 (abundance), which is equivalent to being accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point. This record was not broken by Arabian mathematician Cassie until15th century. Zu Chongzhi also gave two fractional forms of π: 22/7 (approximate rate) and 355/ 1 13 (secret rate), in which the secret rate was accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point, and it was not rediscovered by the Dutch mathematician Otto until the west16th century. Zu Chongzhi, together with his son Zuxuan, successfully solved the problem of calculating the volume of the ball by using "Mu He Fang Gai" and got the correct formula of the volume of the ball. In the astronomical calendar, Zu Chongzhi created the Daming Calendar, which introduced precession into the calendar at the earliest. New leap weeks of 39 1 year and 144 leap months are adopted. For the first time, the data such as the number of months and days at the intersection (27.25438+0223) and the number of days in the tropical year (365.2428) were accurately measured, and the method of measuring the length of the sun shadow at noon from winter to the days before and after was invented, and the time of winter solstice was determined. In mechanics, he has designed and manufactured a water hammer mill, a compass driven by copper parts, a thousand-mile ship, a timer and so on. In addition, he is also quite accomplished in melody, literature and textual research. Proficient in melody, good at playing chess, and also wrote a novel "The Story of Different Notes". He is one of the few people who read widely in history.

To commemorate this great ancient scientist, people named a crater on the back of the moon "Zu Chongzhi Crater" and the asteroid 1888 "Zu Chongzhi Asteroid".

Zu Chongzhi worked hard to calculate the value of pi (л) to seven decimal places for the first time in the history of mathematics in the world, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. He proposed an agreed rate of 22/7 and a secret rate of 355/ 1 13. This secret rate value was first put forward in the world, more than 1000 years earlier than that in Europe, so some people advocate calling it "ancestral rate". He compiled his mathematics research results into a book called Seal Characters, which was once regarded as a mathematics textbook by Chinese studies in the Tang Dynasty. His Da Ming Li introduced precession into the calendar for the first time. It is planned to set 39 1 year 144 Yan Yue. The length of a tropical year is 365.338+04438+0 days, and the error is only about 50 seconds. He is not only an outstanding mathematician and astronomer, but also an outstanding mechanic expert. Rebuild all kinds of exquisite machinery, such as South Guide Car and Thousand-mile Ship, which have long been lost. Besides, he also studies music. His works, such as Explaining the Analects of Confucius, Explaining the Classic of Filial Piety, Yi, Lao, Zhuang and the novel Yi Shu Ji, have long been lost.

Lu Xun (188 1 September 25th ~ 19361October19) was originally named Zhou Zhangshou and later renamed Zhou Shuren, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. China is a modern writer, thinker and revolutionary. Wensige was born on the third day of August in the seventh year of Guangxu, Zhejiang Province (18865438+September 25th), and his ancestral home was in runan county, Henan Province. When I was a child, I enjoyed my young master's life, and my family gradually declined and became penniless. Influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and Tolstoy's thought of fraternity in his youth, Lu Xun renamed Zhou Zhangshou Zhou Shuren in 1898. 1902 went to Japan to study medicine at public expense. He originally studied medicine at Sendai Medical College, and wanted to save lives by himself. Later, due to the war, he changed the writer's behavior and engaged in literary and artistic work, hoping to change the national spirit (see the preface to Scream). 1905- 1907 participated in revolutionary activities and published papers such as Moro Poetry and Cultural Prejudice. During this period, I was ordered by my mother and wife Juan to return to China to get married. 1909 Co-translated the Collection of Foreign Novels with his brother Zhou Zuoren to introduce foreign literature. He returned to China in the same year and taught in Guangzhou and Shaoxing. 19 18, The Diary of a Madman, the first vernacular novel in China history, was published under the pseudonym of Lu Xun. 1927 married Ms. Xu Guangping and gave birth to a boy named Zhou Haiying. There are three nieces. 19361June19 died in Shanghai. His works were included in Complete Works of Lu Xun, His Works and Letters of Lu Xun, and various ancient books edited and revised by Lu Xun were reprinted. Later, in 198 1, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (* * * sixteen volumes) was published. In 2005, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (eighteen volumes) was published. His works are mainly novels and essays, among which Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Diary of a Madman are the most famous. Dozens of novels, essays, poems and essays by Lu Xun were selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools, and novels such as Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Medicine were adapted into movies. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Guangzhou and Xiamen. At the same time, his works have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German and Arabic, and have a wide audience all over the world.

Lu Xun fought with pen as a weapon all his life, and was known as "soul of china". Mao Zedong commented that he was a great writer, thinker and revolutionary, and the commander-in-chief of the Cultural Revolution in China. Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers, Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children.

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Sima Yi first came from Li Zhong, the son of Emperor Levin, and was a great official of the Xia Dynasty, Zhu Rong, who experienced the Tang Dynasty, Yu, Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty all his life. During the Zhou Dynasty, Xia Guan was Sima. Later, Bai Cheng divorced his father, and when he was in Zhou Xuanwang, he took Kefang, a world official, and Xiguan's family as his surname. On the occasion of Chu and Han Dynasties, Sima Yang became the general of Zhao State and fought against Qin State with the governors. Qin Wu was the king of Yin, with Hanoi as the capital. Korea regards its land as its county, and its children and grandchildren regard it as their home. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yang VIII arrived in An, and the general of the West was born in Jun, with a smooth word. Sima Shengjun's "yu zhang" is too strict in quantity and acceptable in wording. Yingchuan satrap Sima Jun has a different personality. Jing Sima Fang, a Chinese character. Sima Fang is Sima Yi's father (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). Sima Yan, the emperor of Jin Dynasty, said in one of his imperial edicts: "All people were born here, and the rites have been passed down for a long time" (Book of Rites of Jin).

Sima Yi, the second son of Sima Fang, is said in the history books to be "rare, intelligent, knowledgeable and obedient to Confucianism" (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos. Sima Yi was born in troubled times and "always worried about the world" (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji).

2. Early years

Nanyang, the satrap of Yang, is famous for knowing people and being good at their duties. Sima Yi was less than twenty years old. When Yang met him, he said that he was by no means unusual. Cui Yan, the prime minister, befriended Sima Lang, Sima Yi's brother, and once said to Sima Lang, "Your brother is extremely clever, and he just cut off the Internet, which is beyond his son's reach" (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji).

In the sixth year of Jian 'an (20 1), the county chose him as the top plan. Cao Cao was in power at that time. After hearing his fame, he sent someone to ask him to work in the government. Seeing that the national fortune of the Han Dynasty was weak, Sima Yi refused to be commanded by Cao Cao, so he made an excuse that he had rheumatism and could not live. Cao Cao didn't believe it, so he sent someone to find out the news at night. Sima Yi lay there motionless, as if she was really infected with wind arthralgia.

take office

In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), after Cao Cao became prime minister, Sima Yi was established as literature by compulsory means. Cao Cao said to the emissary, "If you delay any longer, you will accept it" (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). Sima yi was afraid and had to take office. Cao Cao asked him to travel with the prince, as assistant minister of Huangmen, negotiator, prime minister Cao Dong and prime minister. Sima Yi works under Cao Cao and is cautious and diligent. "As for the relationship between straw and animal husbandry, we all know that we are in shoes."

In the 20th year of Jian 'an (2 15), Cao Cao conquered Zhang Lu and Sima Yi joined the army. He said to Cao Cao, "Liu Bei took Liu Zhang by deception, and the Shu people fought for Jiangling without attaching it. This opportunity is now or never. Today, if Wei Yao is in Hanzhong, Yizhou will waver and enter the enemy, and it will inevitably collapse. Therefore, trends can easily become a skill. When a saint is irreversible, you must not lose time. " Cao Cao said: "The people are not satisfied with their sufferings, but they want to regain their Shu" (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji)! Didn't take his advice.

In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), when Sun Quan showed his loyalty to Cao Cao, he encouraged Cao Cao to stand on his own feet as emperor. Cao Cao said, "This son wants evil in my furnace!" Sima Yi said, "Han Yun is going to die, and your Majesty has done it for the tenth and the ninth. Power is a vassal, which means the meaning of heaven and man. Yu, Xia, Yin and Zhou are not humble, but fear know life "(The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). At that time, Cao Cao's bureaucrats all supported the Han people, which was deeply taboo for Cao Cao, while Yu Xun, Cui Yan and other famous figures all disagreed with the Han people in Cao Shi, and it did not end well. Probably Sima Yi supported Cao Cao for a long time on this key issue, so Cao Cao gradually changed from doubt to trust.

Cao Cao entered the title and was promoted to Sima Yi as the illegitimate child of the prince, assisting Cao Pi. At that time, Sima Yi was trusted and reused by Cao Pi, so the relationship between them has been very good. Sima Yi, Chen Qun, Wu Zhi and Zhu Shuo are called four friends.

Since then, Sima Yi has often sought state affairs and made many surprising plans. Soon, Sima Yi became a Sima in the Prime Minister's army. He pointed out that Hu Xiu, the secretariat of Jingzhou, was rude, and Nanxiang (managing Nanxiang, now southeast of Xichuan, Henan Province) was arrogant and extravagant, so he could not be stationed in the border defense. Cao Cao also ignored it.

In June of the same year, after Liu Bei captured Hanzhong, he sent Meng Da and Liu Feng to capture Fangling and Shang Yong in the east of Hanzhong County, and his influence expanded. In July, Sun Quan wanted to attack and merge, and most of Wei Jun mobilized Huainan to guard against Wu Jun. Guan Yu, the former general of Shu guarding Jingzhou, took this opportunity to stay in Nanjun (governing Jiangling, now Jiangling, Hubei), guarding Jiangling Mi Fang, the general of public security Fu Shiren (now northwest Hubei), and attacking Jingxiang in the north (Wei Jingzhou governing Xinye, now Xinye, Henan; Xiangyang county governs Xiangyang, now Xiangfan, Hubei). Coss, the general who besieged Wei, drowned in the seventh army and beheaded Pound. At that time, there were only a few thousand defenders in Fancheng, and the city walls collapsed in many places because of flooding. Coss once considered giving up Fancheng, but was dissuaded by Man Chong, the satrap of Runa who assisted Coss. Coss is determined to fight bravely. Hu and Fu really took the opportunity to go to Shu. At this time, Lu Hun (now the northeast of Song County, Henan Province), Sun Lang and others also killed officials and rose up in response to Guan Yu. Guan Yu's imposing manner "shook China very much" (Biography of Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms).

At that time, the capital was in Xuchang, close to Fancheng, and Cao Cao felt threatened. In order to avoid Guan Yu's sharp edge, he was once ready to move the capital to Hebei. Sima Yi, Cao Xun and Jiang Ji promptly dissuaded them: "If the imperial army is defeated by water, it will be moved to the capital without fighting or defending, and the national economy will not be damaged, which not only shows the weakness of the enemy, but also makes people uneasy. Sun Quan and Liu Bei are proud of their feathers, but they are unwilling. It can be said that the right place, after finishing, Fan Wei himself explained "("The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji "). According to his plan, Cao Cao sent Monroe to attack Jiangling, and Guan Yu was captured and killed by him.

With the victory of this war, Cao Cao used Sun Liu to seize the conflict in Jingzhou and made full use of diplomatic strategy to make huge profits, which not only defeated Guan Yu's powerful offensive and lifted the siege of Fancheng, but also made Zhuge Liang's original plan of hitting Wanluo and Qinchuan all the way impossible. More importantly, it destroyed the alliance between Sun and Liu, changed the strategic pattern at that time and gained the initiative.

After Huang Xu repelled Guan Yu, Cao Cao hated Jingzhou and the people nearby and wanted to drive them away. Sima Yi believes: "Jingchu is light, easy to move, and difficult to decide. Guan Yu's new breakthrough is to hide from the wicked. Those who move to their goodness today will not only hurt their aspirations, but also make those who leave dare not return "(The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). Cao Cao followed, and there were no immigrants. As expected, all the Tibetan fugitives have returned to China for naturalization.

In the first year of Yankang (220), Cao Cao died, and the ruling and opposition parties were in danger. Sima Yi manages the funeral, both inside and outside.

In the same year, Cao Pi acceded to the throne as Wei, and Sima Yi was appointed as the Hou of Hejin Pavilion and transferred to the post of Prime Minister.

Sun Quan led the army to the west. Courtiers believe that Fancheng and Xiangyang are short of food and unable to resist Wu Jun. Please call garrison commander Coss back to Wancheng. Sima Yi, on the other hand, thinks that the two cities should not be abandoned: "Sun Quan has broken Guan Yu, and when he wants to stop, he will not dare to make trouble. Xiangyang is in a hurry, and it is important to defend the enemy. You can't abandon it. " Cao Pi didn't listen to him and ordered Coss to set fire to the two cities. Later, Sun Quan did not invade. Cao Pi regretted it too late.

In the same year, xelloss acceded to the throne, known as Wei Wendi. Because Sima Yi made great contributions to Cao Pi's "usurpation of the Han Dynasty", after Cao Pi acceded to the throne, Sima Yi was appointed as the minister of history, and soon became the governor, suggestion and honesty, and sealed Anguo Township.

In the second year of Huang Chu (22 1), he was removed from the position of overseer and promoted to the right servant of the assistant minister and minister.

In the year of Huang San (222) and five years (224), Cao Pi attacked Wu twice, taking Sima Yi as the commander of Xuchang, and changed Sima Yi to. Huang Chu six years (225) in the spring of February, transferred to the government as a general, on holiday, led the troops of five thousand, added to things, record the history. When Sima Yi resigned, Cao Pi said, "I am working day and night in ordinary affairs without a moment's rest. This is not to be proud, but to share worries (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji).

In the same year, Cao Pi attacked Wu with the water army in Daxing, and still ordered Sima Yi to stay behind, "the town people provided military forces outside" (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). Before he left, he wrote a letter to Sima Yi, which said, "I am deeply worried about my future, so I want to appoint you. Although Cao Can has made meritorious military service, Xiao He is the most important. It's a pity that I have no worries about the West (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji)! Later, Cao Pi returned to Luoyang from Guangling and wrote a letter to Sima Yi: "My east and government troops should be the general manager of western affairs; I am in the west, and Fu Jun is always in the east "("The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji "). So Sima Yi stayed in Xuchang.

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