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American physicist, inventor, politician and social activist. 1706 65438+ 10/7 was born in Boston 1790 and died in Philadelphia17 in April. Both parents are British immigrants who make candles and soap for a living. He became an apprentice in a printing factory at the age of 12, and he hasn't left his printing job for a long time since then. Franklin organized a society in 1727, which was the predecessor of the American philosophical society founded by 1743. 173 1 He founded the first public library in North America in Philadelphia. From 1737 to 1753, he was the postmaster in Philadelphia. He began to study electricity at about 1744. Philadelphia College (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded in 175 1. 1753 won the copley medal. In the same year, he also received honorary degrees from Harvard University and Yale University.

1756 was elected as a member of the Royal Society, and 1769 was elected as the president of the American Philosophical Society. 1772 was also elected as a foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences.

He is one of the founders of the United States of America. He took an active part in the anti-British struggle in the American War of Independence. He was elected as the representative of the Second Continental Congress and participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. 1776 ~ 1785 went to France, which contributed to the establishment of the American-French alliance. 1787 was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and participated in drafting the US Constitution. He actively advocated the abolition of slavery.

Franklin was the first American scientist to enjoy an international reputation in the field of pure science, and also a pioneer in American electrical research. His study of electricity unified the chaotic knowledge of electricity at that time. His main contribution is to systematically explain the theories of various electrical phenomena, such as charge generation, charge transfer and electrostatic induction. At first, he was keen on inventing and designing small devices, which laid a solid foundation for his future electrical experimental research. From 65438 to 0745, in less than 10 years, he conducted various bold new electrical experiments with some simple tools and instruments. Through experiments, Franklin first put forward an important hypothesis in the history of electricity: the single fluid theory of electricity. Franklin first used the mathematical concepts of positive and negative charges to express the properties of the two charges; At the same time, the phenomenon of tip discharge was also found. More importantly, Franklin put forward the theory of electromigration. Later, this theory developed into the law of charge conservation, which is one of the most basic laws in nature. 1747, Franklin studied the Leyden bottle and expounded the principle of capacitor. During the period of 1749 ~ 175 1, Franklin carefully observed and studied the formation of lightning and clouds, and put forward the conjecture that lightning in clouds has the same electrical properties as Franklin's kite experiment friction. 1750 puts forward some suggestions for lightning rod. This suggestion was first applied in 1852 University of Mali, France. 1752, he conducted an electric kite experiment in Philadelphia that shocked the world and proved his idea of "the identity of lightning and static electricity". Franklin also studied the mutual attraction and repulsion between charged bodies; Charge distribution in irregular charged conductor: induced electrification phenomenon, etc. Franklin coined many electrical terms. Franklin studied and observed natural phenomena quite extensively. He also expounded the theory of heat conduction; The method of obtaining low temperature by evaporation was studied. Modern ventilation methods; Transplanting of various plants; Prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; Measurement of velocity and temperature in the Gulf of Mexico and the direction of storm movement in North America. Franklin's famous inventions include rocking chairs, bifocal glasses, Pennsylvania stoves, elevated bookshelves and so on.

Franklin supported deism in philosophy and acknowledged the existence and objectivity of nature. He was also the first person who consciously used labor time to determine the value of production. Franklin predicted that the population of the United States would increase geometrically, with an average growth rate of 1 times every 25 years. This prediction has been confirmed by the census of the American government in the last century. Franklin's electrical works and papers include: experiments and observations on electricity, opinions and speculations on the properties and effects of conductive substances, experiments and observations on electricity in Philadelphia, USA, and the identity of lightning and static electricity.

Dr Benjamin Franklin is a famous American politician and scientist. He is also a publisher, printer, journalist, writer and philanthropist. He is also an outstanding diplomat and inventor. He was one of the important leaders in the American revolution, participated in drafting many important documents, and served as the American ambassador to France, which successfully won France's support for American independence. Franklin made many electrical experiments and invented the lightning rod. Other things he invented include bifocal glasses, frog shoes and so on. Franklin was a member of the Aid Association and was elected as a member of the Royal Society. He was also the first postmaster general in the United States.

catalogue

1 ancestor

one's early years

3 middle-aged people

4 old age

posthumous

ancestors

Josiah Franklin, the father of Benjamin Franklin, was born in 1657, the son of a blacksmith family in Northamptonshire, England. His mother Abia folger was born in a teacher's family in Boston, Massachusetts on 1667. Josiah Franklin got married for the first time in England on 1677. After having several children, her family left England on 1683 and moved to Boston to live in selling groceries. Later, his first wife died, and his second wife Abby gave birth to Benjamin Franklin in Boston.

one's early years

Benjamin is the youngest son of his father 17 children. He went to school until he was ten years old. At the age of twelve, he was an apprentice in his brother's publishing house. /kloc-when I was 0/7 years old, I went to Philadelphia. A few months later, I went to London and worked in a printing factory. Later, with the help of a businessman, he returned to Philadelphia, set up his own printing company, published newspapers and published his own articles, which gained considerable respect in the local society. Then he published a collection of proverbs, which made him very popular.

173 1 year, Franklin and others jointly established the first public library in Philadelphia. The books in the library include theology, history, literature and science. Later, cities in North America followed suit. It has played a lot of roles in inspiring people all over North America.

1736, Franklin set up the first volunteer fire brigade in North America.

middle age

Franklin began to build the college in 1743, and the college was established eight years later, which was the predecessor of the University of Pennsylvania. At the same time, he began to study electricity and other scientific topics.

Illustrations in Franklin's paper on tornadoes

1748, Franklin quit the printing business, but he still made considerable profits from his partners, so he had time to make various inventions and research, including his research on electricity. He found that the charge is divided into "positive" and "negative", and the quantities of the two are conserved. 1752, Franklin made a famous experiment: flying a kite in a thunderstorm, which proved that "lightning" was caused by electricity. This is a very dangerous experiment. In fact, other scientists were electrocuted while conducting similar experiments at the same time. Until now, many people still have doubts about whether Franklin really carried out such an experiment and how it was carried out. But there is no doubt that Franklin invented the lightning rod; In order to praise Franklin's research in electricity, the Royal Academy of Sciences elected him as an academician in 1753.

In addition to studying electricity, Franklin also made contributions to meteorology. In order to find news for his newspaper, he often goes to the farmer's market to collect news. He found that storms often appear in one place, and then there are storms in other places. He thought that the two might actually be the same storm, so he proposed that the storm would move, and finally derived the weather analysis and weather map in the future, which changed the method of relying solely on one place for forecasting.

175 1 year, Franklin established a hospital in Pennsylvania. This hospital will be the first hospital in America in the future.

Franklin was also an outstanding government official. But he also used his power to seek promotion for his relatives and defiled his official career. His most important achievements include reforming the postal system in North America, taking up diplomatic posts, dealing with the suzerain Britain on behalf of the North American colonies, and then going to France.

1754, he led the representatives of Pennsylvania to attend the colonial congress held in Albany, new york, and put forward the plan of colonial union. Although the plan was not accepted at that time, many of its contents were later written into the US Constitution. 1757, on behalf of the people of Pennsylvania, he went to England to make a statement to the king of England. He lived for five years, during which he explained the colonial situation and views to the British people and government officials. Because of his achievements in science, Oxford University awarded him an honorary doctorate during this period. It was also during this period that he campaigned for his illegitimate son, which made him a successful governor of New Jersey.

old age

1764, Franklin once again represented Pennsylvania, England. In London, he opposed the Indian donation bill of 1765. However, Franklin also obtained the position of American Indian donation agent for his personal friend, which greatly damaged his integrity and public support. It is generally believed that this conflict of interest prevented Franklin from becoming a higher elected public office in the future. Even if he succeeds in repealing the bill, public support for him will not come back. But he still worked for the American colonies and made representations to Britain for the colonies before the American Revolution. This also caused Franklin to break with the illegitimate child loyal to the king of England.

1767, Franklin went to France and was warmly welcomed by the French. After returning to Philadelphia, he was elected as a member of the Continental Congress to help draft the American Declaration of Independence. From 1776, Franklin was sent to France as the Commissioner representing the United States until 1785. During this period, he was very popular with all walks of life in France, and some wealthy French families even decorated galleries with his portrait. Franklin's trip to France was very successful, and he won the French-American military alliance, which is very important to the new United States, and negotiated and signed the Paris Treaty of 1783. When Franklin returned to the United States in 1785, his contribution to American independence was second only to that of Washington.

Franklin was also a pioneer in opposing slavery. Shortly after his return from France, he became the chairman of an organization that opposed slavery and sought to release blacks who were illegally imprisoned.

1787, retired Franklin attended the meeting to amend the US Constitution, becoming the only founder who signed the three most important American bills and documents at the same time. These three documents are: the Declaration of Independence, the Paris Treaty of 1783, and the American Constitution of 1787.

What few people know is that although Franklin was a famous father of the United States, before the American Revolution, he was mainly a diplomat and strongly opposed the revolution. Only when Britain could not maintain its rule in the American colonies did it become an enthusiastic supporter of the independence movement. Until 1780, he still thought that he was willing to allow Britain to maintain its sovereignty over America in exchange for a high degree of colonial autonomy.

posthumous

Franklin died on April 1790 and was buried in the cemetery of a church in Philadelphia.

Franklin's appearance is familiar to many people all over the world: because he is the portrait on the highest denomination one hundred dollar bill. In the United States, the slang for hundred-dollar bills is also called Franklin. Franklin's portrait once appeared on half-dollar coins and old fifty dollars. From 19 14, he was the portrait on some hundred-dollar bills, and from 1928, his appearance was printed on every hundred-dollar bill.