Books and materials on the origin of Hakka surnames

The history of a surname and a family is a part of the history of China and the culture of China. Of course, it can't replace the history of China and the culture of China, but it has its own distinctive features because it is concrete and subtle. Some events or contents in the history of China that are not necessary or can't be displayed are decisive and important events, which need to be recorded in detail so that future generations will never forget them. It is because of these records that China's history and culture can be so long-standing and colorful.

Everyone wants to know the origin of himself and his family, as well as the history of his surname, and because this history is closely related to himself, some of it comes from people and places he is familiar with, which will certainly make him feel kind and more educational. As long as we get rid of the narrow clan concept, respecting our ancestors and loving our country can go hand in hand, and understanding the history of our family and learning the history of our country can complement each other. To this end, the author collects surnames, genealogy, historical records, biographies and other materials, and compiles the book The Origin of Hakka Surnames to meet the needs of all walks of life. For example, The Origin of Hakka Surnames has extracted and recorded a lot of essence materials from the genealogy and genealogy of various surnames, which can be said to be a brief history and pedigree of Hakka surnames. The Chinese nation has a tradition of compiling genealogy, genealogy, ancestral genealogy and epitaph since the Han Dynasty. Out of reverence for their ancestors, Hakka ancestors also rebuilt and continued to repair many genealogies, genealogies and ancestral temples. Most of these genealogies were written in feudal times, which is a negative factor, but most of them truthfully recorded the spread, migration, career and achievements of a surname, thus containing many real and concrete historical materials, including not only many important historical events, but also sociology, demography, ethnology, Hakka studies, folklore, local economic history and other aspects, and their value is far from a family history. In ancient times, surnames and surnames were two different concepts. The so-called "men say their surnames, women say their surnames" means that surnames come from the paternal line and surnames come from the maternal line. But since the Qin and Han Dynasties, surnames have been divided, so people only have surnames, not surnames. If a surname is mentioned today, it is generally understood as a first name. China's surname has a history of 5,000 years since the Yellow Emperor gave his son 12 surnames. If the surname from Fulai is Fengfeng, it has a history of at least 1 10,000 years. That is, the surnames of China people have existed since the primitive commune period.

Since ancient times, surnames have become symbolic titles of Chinese-Han families. Under the influence of China culture, many ethnic minorities and some neighboring countries have also adopted the surname system, or directly adopted the Han surname. Today, the vast majority of China people, including overseas Chinese and ethnic minorities, especially Hakkas and their descendants, have their own surnames, and generally adopt their own family names.

Because the surname is the appellation that marks the family, because of the difference of family status, even within the same surname, there will be a distinction between high and low. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, attaching importance to family status and being born in a famous family became a prerequisite for gaining political and social status. In the Tang Dynasty, wang xing, the county king appeared, and wang xing or the county king became the standard to distinguish family status. If the same surname is Wang, Wang in Taiyuan is the highest, followed by Wang in Langya, followed by Wang in other places. Those who can't belong to the Wang Can family can only be considered poor. In this case, if you want to be an official and get ahead, you can only climb the dragon and attach the phoenix, or even make up a genealogy to connect your family and county names. The charm is long. Hundreds of surnames in the Northern Song Dynasty listed Zhao as the first surname of the royal family, while thousands of surnames in the Ming Dynasty began with Zhu's surname in the Ming Dynasty. The royal surnames in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty were probably changed to Kong's as the first surname because it was inconvenient to juxtapose the surnames of Manchu "Aisingiorro" and "Qiansun".

According to statistics, there are 5,660 surnames in China, of which 3,484 are single surnames, 2,030 are compound surnames and the three-character surnames are 146. The China Surnames Dictionary, edited by Du Ruofu and Yuan Yida, contains 1 1969 surnames, including 5327 single surnames, 4329 compound surnames and 23 surnames with more than three words. According to relevant experts' research, the development of surnames in China has the following surnames, or clues.

(1) The surnames of princes, doctors and their descendants are Guo Feng, fief or place of birth and residence. Such as: Mei, Ruan, Mi, Cai, Yong, Xiang, Ren, Guo, Fei Lian, Xiu Yu, etc. Qu, Zhi, Hu, Bian, Tang, Gao, Xie, Qiu, Zhi and Shan are the surnames of feudal cities. Liu, Xiang and Ting are fief surnames; Baili, Dongmen, Beiye, Northland, Beihai, Nanguo, Nangong, Ying, Wuqiu, Ji, Zhuge (the surname of Ge in Zhucheng, Shandong Province, moved to Henan to take another local surname) as the surname of the place of residence; The birthplace names are Dongfang (the birthplace of Fu) and Yao (the birthplace of Yu Sheng, the site of Yao).

(2) Doctors, officials and aristocrats take official names and titles as surnames, or professional skills as surnames. For example, Situ, Sima, Sikong, Shi Si and Scott are in charge of education, military affairs, engineering, Juelu and prison respectively, and their surnames are official positions; There are also official surnames: Jia Zheng (in charge of official business), Gong Zheng (in charge of palace discipline), Bu (in charge of divination), Zhu (in ancient times, he was an official of sorcerer Zhu) and a criminal officer (in charge of punishment). Autumn (watchmaker), metalworking (metalworking), witchcraft (Wu Peng was a doctor when the Yellow Emperor was a doctor), diet, track (divination), fishing, firewood, etc. , all take occupation and skill as surnames.

(3) Take the clan number of ancestors or posthumous title as the surname. For example, Yao's surname is "Tang", and some of Yao's descendants are surnamed Tang. Similar surnames are Yu, Xia, Shang, Yin and Zhou. The so-called posthumous title is a title given by ancient people after their death according to their deeds before their death. After the death of the ancient emperor, we should remember the temple names, such as posthumous title, Zhou Wenwang, and their descendants, some of whom were surnamed Wen and some were surnamed Wu. The surnames derived from this clue are Zhao, Mu, Kang, Shi and Xiang.

(4) In ancient times, due to human superstition and worship of natural objects, natural objects, utensils or colors were used as surnames. Such as: cattle, horses, sheep, fish, bears, tigers, rivers, mountains, water, wind, rain, fire, stars, poplars, willows, flowers, summer, winter, autumn, red, yellow, white, black and blue.

(5) Rulers give ministers with active surnames and ministers with guilty surnames. The former is mostly a compliment, such as Ru Man (according to legend, when Zhuan Xu was an ancient emperor, one of his sons was endowed with virtue) and Li (in the Tang Dynasty, some subjects with surnames such as Xu, Tai, An, Du, Hu, Hong, Guo, Ma, Xian Yu, Zhang, Abu, A Tie, Relic, Xie, Dong and Luo contributed to the founding of the country. The latter are mostly derogatory, such as: poison (the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, Dou Huaizhen, conspired to frame Princess Taiping, and after the defeat, the emperor changed her surname to Dou as poison, meaning "vicious person"), and Fu (Fu is an ancient corporal punishment, also known as ink punishment, that is, stabbing her face with a knife and then smearing it with ink to show her guilt. In the early years of the Han Dynasty, the warlord Wang was punished for committing crimes, and later he thought he was a "guilty family"), Xiao (the emperor punished Yang Xuangan and changed his surname to Xiao, which means "hanging his head to show the public"), and gluttony (Xiao, the king of the Southern Dynasties, opposed moving the capital, and after the defeat, Emperor Liang Yuan wrote a letter,

(6) Take heavenly stems, earthly branches, numerals, quantifiers and young and old as surnames. Such as A, B, C, D, Zi, Ugly, Yin and Mao; Seven, four, one hundred and one to ten, and Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji.

(7) transliteration of brothers' surnames and single surnames borrowed from Chinese characters by brothers. According to statistics, the transliteration of the surnames of brothers accounts for about 1/3 of all surnames that have appeared in the history of China.

(8) In addition to the above surnames, there are surnames changed due to taboos, that is, the names of emperors or relatives cannot be directly said or written; Changed his surname because he avoided the enemy and disaster. If another person impersonates or impersonates a surname, it is called impersonation; There are also words with different pronunciations, phonetic changes, provincial texts and surnames. Wait a minute. Hundreds of surnames in Song Dynasty should be regarded as the earliest achievement of surname research and textual research. More than 400 surnames in ancient China were collected, and the place of residence of various surnames was researched. During the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty, Wu Shen collected more than 1900 surnames. According to the survey, China people mainly use as many as 3050 Han surnames, and the most commonly used surnames are 100 (most of which are Hakka surnames), namely

Li Wang, Liu Zhang, Yang Chen, Zhao Huang, Wu Zhou, Sun Xuhu, Zhu Gao Lin, He Maguo, Luo Liang, Song Zheng, Xie Hantang, Feng Yu, Dong Xiaocheng, Cao Yuan, Deng Xufu, Shen Zengpeng, Lu Su, Jiang Caijia, Ding Wei, Ye Yanyu, Pan Du, Dai Xia Zhong, Wang Tianren, Jiang Fanfang, Yao Liao, Zou Xiongjin, Lu Haokong, Bai Cuikang, Mao Qiuqin, Jiang's bone, Hou Shaomeng Longwan, Duan Lei, Qiantang,

The surname of 100 accounts for about 85% of the total population of China. There are about 300 common surnames, accounting for more than 99% of the total population. But today, people are still used to using "hundred surnames" to represent many surnames, and "hundred surnames" has become synonymous with the sum of surnames in China.