A detailed introduction to Paris

19, all along the northern edge of Paris, is still a workers' residential area. 18 area has both broad avenues and winding narrow lanes, some of which become stone steps on steep slopes. From the early19th century to emigrating to panas in the 1920s, Mon martel has always been the main artistic hometown of Paris. The most famous building in martel can only be traced back to 19 19, that is, the rectangular Sacred Heart Church, which was built with state donations after the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. The construction of the church began at 1876, but it was once stopped due to the death of architect Abadi. Abadi's design was inspired by the design style of St. Floren's Church, which was built in Perigueux in the12nd century. The latter is Romanesque, with five vaults, but it is influenced by the religious buildings in Venice or Byzantium. Beneath the main entrance of Sacred Heart Church is the lush Villette Park. On one side of the huge trapezoidal stone steps in this park, the only cable car line in Paris flies by. In the Chaumont Highland east of martel, the Chaumont Highland Park was built, which was completed during the Ottoman Empire 1864- 1867. This is the largest park in Paris.

The area from 19 is called belleville. On the lower riverside slope, it is Mesnier Montang in the 20th district. Abbe Cemetery in lachaise, located in the hilly area of the 20th district, was once the former site of the soldiers' wall of the Paris Commune. In front of that wall, the last group of commune soldiers died, and now there are people to pay their respects. Famous figures buried in the cemetery include Chopin, Marshal Ney, Baron Haussmann, Muses, Balzac, Delacroix, Bicai, Rossini, Beinhart, Duncan, Colette and Biaf. In La Villette, the northeast corner of Paris, a huge building of an old city slaughterhouse was abandoned in 1974 and reopened as a science museum in 1986. There are spherical panoramic cinemas, large amusement parks and cultural activity complexes nearby.

Gardens and Open Spaces Paris is called the Katsumi of Gardens, partly because of the wide surface of the Seine and the dense forests on both sides. There are about 87,000 trees on both sides of the street, most of which are small hanging trees, and chestnut trees are scattered everywhere. In fact, however, gardens and open spaces only account for 1 1% of the urban area of Paris. In the center of modern Paris, most parks and gardens are located on royal reservations in the old suburbs. During his stay in England, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was deeply impressed by the beauty of London Gardens. When he was in power, he turned two ancient Royal Guard stations on the road to Paris into "British" parks: one was Boulogne Forest Park in the west and the other was Vansenne Forest Park in the east. In addition, during his reign, he also turned large areas of land into public entertainment places and garden squares.

1850, Paris had only 600,000 residents. However, since then, due to industrial development, people from other provinces have been pouring in and the population has grown rapidly. By 1870, the population of Paris has exceeded 1 10,000; By 193 1, the metropolitan area has a population of 5 million, most of whom live in Paris, and it is the administrative center within the gate of the old city. Since the Second World War, this growth momentum has not changed. By the end of 1980s, the population of Dali had exceeded 9 million. However, the population of Paris has gradually decreased, from 2.9 million in 193 1 to 2.2 million in 1982, so today about three quarters of Parisians live in the suburbs. This change is partly due to the large-scale new housing supply measures, which have greatly reduced the highly dense population in the city, although the population density in Paris is still higher than the average level in northern Europe. Many families moved to new spacious houses in the suburbs, and most of them stayed in Paris as an extremely lonely group. Almost half of the families have only one member. Most people are nominally Catholics, but only a few people go to church for mass regularly. The composition of foreign residents has been growing, and now accounts for about 1/5 of the total population of Paris. Most of them are Muslim Arabs from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Generally speaking, North African immigrants are mostly in slums, living in poor conditions and doing all kinds of menial work. In the1980s, their existence caused tensions and conflicts in ethnic relations. A large number of black people mainly come from the Caribbean region of French Martinique and Guadeloupe: they often get better jobs, better living environment and better treatment than Muslims. Jews who have lived in Paris for a long time mainly live in the Rue Rossier on the moor, where there are many synagogues, Jewish sanitary shops and Hebrew bookstores. The conflict with Spanish Jewish immigrants from North Africa in 1980s triggered a slight revival of anti-Semitism in Paris before the war. At the beginning of the 20th century, Paris was once the favorite place for writers and artists who emigrated, such as Hemingway in the United States, Joyce in Ireland, Picasso in Spain and Modigliani in Italy. Nowadays, there are few foreigners from Europe and North America. They are mainly businessmen and employees of large international institutions headquartered in Paris, especially UNESCO and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Population: City 2165892; Urban area10210059 (1982).

Economic Paris is not only the political and cultural capital of France, but also its main economic and commercial center. Even though large French companies have manufacturing plants in other provinces, almost all of them are headquartered in Paris in order to get in touch with big banks and government departments nearby. As an enterprise center, the Paris Region reached its peak in 1930s, but now its advantage in France has declined, because since the end of World War II, most industries in France have grown in other provinces. However, there are still about 1/4 French enterprises in Paris. As a financial center, Paris is the base of many large international enterprises and banks. Although there are some slums there, it is still a very rich city on the whole. It is home to many rich people in France and abroad. Apart from industry and commerce, the main activity in Paris is government affairs. The government employs nearly 700,000 people.

Generally speaking, because Paris has long been the political capital of France, it has attracted many companies to set up their headquarters here and become a vibrant industrial city in the19th century. Unlike Lorraine and the ancient industrial areas in the north, Paris is not very close to mineral resources. But Paris does have its own natural wealth, mainly the Seine River, which is still used to transport heavy goods, and goes downstream to sea in le havre Port. The traditional products in Paris are mainly handicrafts and luxury goods. However, when the railway and canal traffic developed in the19th century, the coal fields in the north were easily transported and supplied to Paris, so heavy industries such as machinery manufacturing and chemical engineering began to develop and expand, and soon surpassed the cities and entered new industrial suburbs.

Since the 1950s, the policies of successive French governments have been to limit the industrial growth in Paris and focus on the industrial development of various provinces, because many other provinces have yet to develop. Paris is saturated in many aspects, so on the contrary, it should encourage the development of commerce, finance and service industries, and this policy has also achieved some results. Industrial companies are not allowed to expand their business in Paris, nor are they allowed to be stimulated by various funds to move their factories to other regions. During the period from 1962 to 1973, the number of industrial jobs in Paris decreased by 77,000 (about 5% of the total), while the number in other parts of France increased by 670,000.

However, the industrial sector in Paris still employs more than1million people. Paris itself is still a traditional place for many small-scale but typical Paris economic activities, such as the high-end women's fashion industry on St. Honore Avenue; Clothing industry in Sandier district; Jewelry industry in Wangdom Square and Heping Street; Furniture manufacturing on St. Anthony's Avenue. Emerging large enterprises have developed in the northern and western suburbs of Paris. For example, there are some large automobile and airplane factories in the Seine valley leading to Rouen. There are military factories, heavy machinery factories and chemical plants along the Seine River in the northwest. There are other factories in the northeast of Charles de Gaulle Airport. There are tanneries, cement factories, breweries, tobacco factories and other traditional industries along the Beafler River in the southern and southwestern suburbs. Many light industrial factories have also been put into operation in the satellite city of Dali.

Business and Finance The major banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions in France are all centered in Paris, especially the financial district on the right bank, where the stock exchange and the national bank of France are located. Dozens of foreign multi-functional banks have branches in Paris, but Paris is not a dynamic professional financial activity center. Although the Paris Stock Exchange expanded and modernized in the mid-1980s, its business volume still failed to exceed the London Stock Exchange's 1/5.

Since the end of World War II, Paris, as an international commercial center, has developed greatly, especially the newly-built skyscrapers in La Dé fense. Paris is one of the most popular international business conference centers in the world, and there are usually more than 200 conferences held here every year. It has some large modern conference centers, such as the Parliament Building. The modern trading market initiated by the French opened in the state market on the left bank in 1852. In the 1960s, the large wholesale market of grain and alcohol moved from the traditional trading center on the right bank to a new and more spacious building in the suburb on the left bank.

The public transport system in Paris is managed by a state-controlled group. Large-scale modernization and expansion began in the early 1970s, and now it is considered as the most perfect transportation system in the world's big cities. Metro 16 line in metropolis has fast vehicles and many trains. The underground high-speed railway system in Paris has been extended to the suburbs, and its route has been connected with the main trunk line of the railway network in some places. These improvements are one of the positive measures taken by the government to reduce the number of buses going to and from work every day. It is said that Chastelet-Lesale is the hub of the largest and busiest subway network in the world. In the 1980s, Paris became a city with monthly tickets, and the subway transported 5 million passengers every day. The subway fare is subsidized by the government, and passengers only need to pay half of the actual fare. The bus system has also been modernized.

Paris is surrounded by highways, that is, boulevards around the city. This expressway is connected with suburban roads and the national highway system, and Paris is the center of the national highway system. Similarly, the huge Paris railway hub also serves the entire French railway network. The all-France railway network was first built in19th century. The railway network has been modernized, and the existing high-speed trains lead to Lyon and other places. The main international airport in Paris is Charles de Gaulle Airport in the northeast. Orly airport, located in the south, was built earlier. At present, it is mainly used for the take-off and landing of domestic flights and charter flights. There are gondolas and sightseeing boats on the Seine. There are commercial docks leading to the upstream and downstream.

Administrative and social situation: the government, urban administration and suburban administrative system are completely distinguished. Paris has its own political unit, the commune, which is managed by an elected mayor and parliament, just like any other French commune or even the smallest village. Suburbs are composed of more than 1200 independent communes, which together with Paris form the administrative region of ile-de-france. The administrative area of ile-de-france is about 4,640 square miles, far exceeding that of the Paris metropolitan area. The urban area of Greater Paris is not a political unit, so the coordination between Paris and its suburbs is often very weak. Due to the fierce opposition between the left-wing commune and the right-wing commune, Greater Paris has never been able to follow the model of other big cities in the world and form a joint metropolitan area.

Ile-de-france is the most densely populated of the 22 French regions. There are eight provinces in this region: Haut-Seine, Seine-saint-denis, Marne Valley, Son of Id, Evelyn, Dvoyze, Marne Valley and Paris. According to 1982- 1986, the French island area, like other areas, has achieved a certain degree of autonomy. It has a directly elected parliament, a speaker and an executive chairman; It can increase taxes on its own; Can be directly responsible for the management of adult education in the region, and at the same time partly responsible for culture, tourism, highway construction, urban planning, industrial development and other aspects of some work. Elected representatives of the eight provinces under the jurisdiction of the region have also been given more responsibilities: they are responsible for welfare relief and social services, involving a large amount of budget and some infrastructure management issues. Each community takes turns to manage its own town planning and construction. Each province is supervised by a governor appointed by the state, while ile-de-france is supervised by a regional chief executive. However, compared with before the reform, the power of the governor or the chief executive has been greatly reduced. Paris itself has a peculiar local government formation process. The Paris City Council is re-elected every six years.

Because of 187 1- 1977, the parliament has never elected a mayor, and the municipal government is completely controlled by the governor, so the autonomy of Paris is smaller than that of any village. The French central government still remembers the Paris riots of 1789, 1848, 187 1 and wants to restrict the rights of the people in Paris. However, in 1975, a decree was passed, which allowed Paris City Councillors to re-elect their own mayors. Now the mayor of Paris has exactly the same status and power as the heads of other towns in France. The first mayoral election was held in 1977. 1982 implemented the district election system, stipulating that each of the 20 districts in Paris has its own parliament and "mayor". But in practice, these measures have little effect, and the real management power is still in the hands of the mayor of Paris.

Public utilities, such as electricity and natural gas supply, fire departments and telecommunications systems, are managed by the government in Paris as in other French cities, but the police organizations in Paris have more power than the police in other towns. In addition to dealing with crimes, traffic, public security and other issues, the Paris police are also responsible for managing the registration of vehicles and drivers, issuing passports, identity certificates and permits to foreign residents, and conducting political supervision activities. The increasing wave of crime, especially terrorism, has become one of the main challenges faced by the police. Special police, including the Bureau of Reconnaissance and Counterintelligence and the National Security Team, were used to disperse the demonstrations. The National Guard, riding a horse and wearing a sword, is only used to receive the ceremonial activities of foreign heads of state.

Public hospitals and hospital groups in Paris are jointly operated by the city and the Ministry of Health, and are mainly funded by the social welfare system. There are also some hospitals run by churches and private groups, and there are also many private clinics. Among many medical research institutions in Paris, the most famous one is the Pasteur Institute, which was established in 1887.

All kinds of schools in Paris, like other places in France, are generally run by the government. There are three main types: primary school, junior high school and senior high school. Almost15 students attend private schools and missionary schools, most of which are founded by the Roman Catholic church. Some famous middle schools in the center of Paris, such as Henry IV Middle School, Grand Louis Middle School and Jean-Jean-Desailly Middle School, have traditionally trained a large number of national elites. Paris has long been the center of higher education in the world. This university, which is famous for Sorbonne University, later became the seat of the Department of Literature and Science of Paris University. Paris University is one of the oldest universities in Europe. At the time of 1968~ 197 1, it was divided into 13 autonomous universities, of which 12 universities still occupied the former Sorbonne site. These 13 universities * * * enroll 250,000 students, which are very crowded and lack of funds, and their reputation is not as good as that of many small colleges and universities with more specialization and higher admission conditions; The latter includes engineering, mechanical and business schools, collectively referred to as institutions of higher learning, the most famous of which are higher business schools and comprehensive engineering schools. They all moved to spacious schoolhouses in the suburbs. Normal universities mainly train university and high school teachers. Many graduates from political colleges enter influential administrative colleges and are trained as senior civil servants. These excellent professional colleges have trained many talents for France and made many contributions, but they have also been criticized and undergone several reorganizations.

Cultural life For many centuries, Paris has been regarded as the main source of cultural power in the western world, attracting countless artists and intellectuals, where new concepts take place and where art dominates the world. Now some people think that although the cultural life in Paris is colorful and inevitably flashy and lacking in creativity, it is still full of vitality and unique style. Parisians like new things, they are curious, they know how to decorate the simplest cultural activities with keen eyes and elegant tastes, and they are ardent advocates and supporters of literature and art, so theaters, concert halls, museums, galleries and art cinemas in Paris are often packed or crowded with visitors. The main state-run theaters are: French Theatre, Paris Opera House and Charlemagne Opera House. These theaters present many repertoires, including French classical dramas, serious modern dramas and foreign dramas. Many private "Avenue" cinemas have low fares in order to survive.

The newly renovated Louvre is the most splendid museum of classical art. Recently, some large museums have been built, such as the National Museum of Modern Art in Pompidou Center, the Orsay Museum of Art and Civilization in19th century (opened in 1986), and the New Science Museum in Ravilet. One of the characteristics of Paris is an over-decorated large exhibition hall, which usually shows the characteristics of industrial skills in different eras. The biggest festivals for performing music and drama every year are Marsh Festival from June to July and Autumn Music Festival from mid-September to 65438+February. Most of the major publishing houses and bookstores in Paris are located in the Latin quarter and Saint-Germain-Depre Church. The most famous newspapers are Le Monde, le figaro and Liberation. France's major radio and television networks are centered on Paris; Some are state-owned and some are private enterprises.

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