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Foreign wine is the general term for imported wine. Not only whisky, brandy, Odek and other spirits, but also beer, wine, liqueur and other drinks with different alcohol contents. Our ordinary things such as remy martin, Napoleon, Chivas Regal, Heineken, champagne and absinthe can all be called foreign wine.

As we all know, fermentation is the technological basis of all wines. It decomposes sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide through the action of yeast. What we call "wine" is a drinkable liquid containing ethanol. The content of ethanol is between 0.5% and 75.5%, and it also contains certain nutrients and flavor components. According to historical records, wine is the earliest wine enjoyed by human beings. At that time, it was the product of natural fermentation and was discovered by accident. There are tens of thousands of kinds of wines all over the world, and the raw materials used in brewing and the alcohol content of wines are also very different. In order to make it easier to understand and remember, people classify it in different ways. According to the classification of raw materials, wine can be roughly divided into seven categories: grain wine, spice and herbal wine, fruit wine, milk and egg wine, plant pulp wine, honey wine and mixed wine. If wine is divided by drinking time, there are pre-dinner wine (or aperitif wine), after-dinner wine, after-dinner wine and special wine; If the alcohol content is different, there are low, moderate and high levels. But according to the nature of wine, it can be divided into three categories: (1) fermented wine, including wine, beer, yellow wine and cider. (2) Distilled liquor, including Viguji, Brandy, Ouedec, Rum, Tequila and China Liquor. (3) Refining and comprehensive reproduction of alcoholic beverages, including gin, liqueur, absinthe (or absinthe), bitter wine, bamboo leaf green wine, ginseng wine, etc. Usually, the last wine classification method is more popular and widely used.

The following introduction of several kinds of foreign wines and their related knowledge, although part of the sea of foreign wines in Wang Yang, is an indispensable essence, therefore, it has also become one of the key points for bartenders to learn professional knowledge. First of all, through the study and mastery of foreign national wine knowledge, it will lay a solid foundation for future work and further study, and also pave the way for a new level. The following are some foreign wines: wine, brandy, mint, whisky, Vermeer, champagne, gin, vodka, rum, Vermeer sherry, port wine and tequila.

wine

Wine can only be a beverage made of fresh grapes or grape juice by full or partial alcohol fermentation, and its alcohol content should not be less than 8.5%. In some areas, due to the limitation of climate, soil, variety and other factors, the alcohol content can be reduced to 7%. There are red, white and rose wines. Red is made of juice squeezed together by skins; On the other hand, white wine is made from peeled fruit juice. This wine includes table wine, champagne and wine. Climate and soil have absolute influence on the quality of wine. So Bordeaux, the center of gironde, is world-famous. The red wine traded here is called red wine. Red wine is generally called red wine because it has the quality that can represent the aroma and light taste of red wine. Wine contains minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron, as well as a small amount of tannins and vitamins. Therefore, it is suitable for people who have recovered after illness and patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Tannic acid is also suitable for storage, so many of them have been stored for more than 60 years. Wine is produced in many parts of the world, but French, Italian, German and China wines are the most famous.

brandy

All wines made from grapes and various fruits by fermentation and distillation are collectively called brandy. The manufacturing method is to store the materials produced in the above process in wooden barrels for many years to make them mature. So the predecessor of brandy is actually white wine. White wine made in France is the best, and natural French brandy is also the best. It is said that in the16th century, perhaps earlier, when the brandy trade was just emerging, the distillation technology used in perfume production had not been used in wine. At that time, the wine trade between La Rochelle and the Netherlands was very prosperous at the pier of the Charente River in France. This kind of business is realized by this kind of sea transportation. But because of the war, the danger is great, and the loss is of course common. The whole case of wine occupies a lot of space in the engine room. So a clever Dutch businessman came up with a wonderful method, which is to remove the water from the wine and concentrate it into alcohol. In this way, it will not take up space when transported to the Netherlands, and the loss will not be too great in case of war. After reaching the destination, adding water becomes the original wine. But when the businessman arrived in Holland, his friends tried this concentrated wine and found it sweet, but it tasted bad after adding water. So the merchant decided to sell it as wine. The Dutch call this wine "BRANDE WINE", which means combustible wine. BRANDY is also simplified from the original Dutch words. What's the difference between cognac and ordinary brandy? Cognac is actually an ancient town along the Charente River in southwest France, and it is also the most famous grape producing area. With unique advantages, it is suitable for grape planting regardless of climate and soil. Therefore, the wine and brandy brewed by grapes in this area are collectively called cognac to show their preciousness. In order to ensure the quality of brandy, the French government has made very strict regulations on the naming of cognac: only cognac produced and brewed in cognac area can be named cognac. Another famous brandy producing area in France is Yanmana. French brandy uses letters or stars to indicate the storage time and length of brandy, and the longer the storage time, the better. "V.S.O" is a brandy aged 12-20 years; "V.S.O.P" is a brandy that is 20-30 years old; "X.O" generally refers to brandy aged for 40 years; "X" is the abbreviation of Extra, which means extra. The storage time of brandy is indicated by the star seal: one star represents 3 years, two stars represent 4 years and Samsung represents 5 years. At present, the most famous brandies in the world are: Croix, Hennessy, Martin, remy martin and Camus.

Mint liqueur

Also known as mint liqueur, it is a mixed wine made of mint leaves, lemon peel and other medicinal materials, distilled in alcohol, and then added with sugar and a small amount of mint oil. There are two kinds of wine: green and white. The taste is sweet and greasy, and the unique mint flavor can be compared with absinthe containing concentrated absinthe juice, which is a typical liqueur. It is said that this wine is very effective when you have indigestion or fullness. In addition, it is an evening wine suitable for ladies to drink.

whisky

Whiskey is the most representative distilled liquor made from barley, rye and corn, which is fermented and distilled and aged in wooden barrels. The market sells a lot. Whisky has a wide range of producing areas and different production methods. From the perspective of raw materials, whisky has "malt whisky" (scotch whisky and Irish whisky); Bourbon (é é); There are three kinds of "corn". It is said that whisky comes from the "water of life" brewed by the original inhabitants of England and Ireland. The original finished product is sweeter than the present one, because it is used as a tonic to eliminate fatigue. Generally speaking, whisky has a unique flavor. It is said that this aroma is a combination of the aroma of sherry and the red fruit of fir trees. According to the place of origin, whisky can be divided into the following four categories: A Scotch whisky is a famous brand product in Scotland, which is made of malt with unique flavor produced by drying and peat baking. The aging time of this wine is at least 8 years, usually more than 10 years. Scotch whisky has a unique style, with reddish brown color, clear and transparent, burnt flavor and strong smoky flavor. The famous brands of Scotch whisky are: Black, Chivas Regal, Old Brand and Premium. B Irish whiskey is brewed from grains such as barley and oats, distilled for three times and aged in wooden barrels for 8- 15 years. The style is close to that of Scotch whisky, the most obvious difference is that it has no smoky burnt smell and soft taste, so it is suitable to be mixed with other drinks as a blended wine. The brands that people are familiar with are: jameson and Son, Powell, Old Bumiao, Turamot. Canadian whiskey. Canada began to produce whisky in the middle of18th century. At that time, only rye whisky was produced, and its alcohol content was very high. /kloc-after the 0/9th century, it began to produce whisky brewed from corn, which has a light taste. It is steamed, stored, mixed and bottled under the management of the Canadian government. The aging time in the barrel is 4- 10 year. The main brands are: Canadian Club, West grimes and Crown. American whiskey. Although the United States has only a history of more than 200 years, most of the immigrants came from Europe, so they also brought wine-making technology. A place in Kentucky, USA, where whiskey is produced is called bourbon. The main raw materials of bourbon are corn and barley, which are aged for 2-4 years after fermentation and distillation, but not more than 8 years. Its famous brands are: Four Roses, Grandpa, Jim Bing and Wild Turkey. Whiskey should be drunk with ice cubes and soda water, so it will not be so strong and taste more peaceful. Soda makes wine produce a lot of carbon dioxide gas. If you drink it, cold alcohol will rush out of your nose. Similar to the feeling of burping after drinking cold beer. But it tastes much more fragrant and particularly comfortable.

Wei mo JIU

Also called aperitif. It is a kind of liquor, with sugar, various medicinal essences, spices and enhancers, such as cornflower, clove, fennel and so on. There are two kinds of this wine: sweet absinthe or Italian absinthe. Its wine color is strong; Spicy is called dry absinthe or French absinthe. It is a mixed wine with lighter color and less sweetness. Drinking before meals can promote appetite and eliminate fatigue.

champagne

Champagne is a kind of boiling wine called sparkling wine. It got its name because it was brewed from champagne in the Marne Valley in northeast France. Like wine, it has red and white. It is said that at the beginning of the18th century, the grape director of Tang Perinon Monastery squeezed the immature grapes and put them in bottles for storage because of the decline of grape production in a certain year. In the meantime, because the wine is oppressed by carbon dioxide produced in continuous fermentation, it becomes a sparkling wine. Because the bottle is full of gas, it will make a pleasant sound when pulling the plug. Champagne wine has therefore become one of the indispensable wines in Christmas and other celebrations. The soil in Champagne region is rich in calcium and various minerals. If white evil absorbs water easily, it can keep the moisture in the soil core; Some minerals can absorb heat and maintain the balance of soil temperature; In addition, the tradition and experience of growing grapes for hundreds of years make champagne the best grape growing area in the world. Every year, at the beginning of 10, grapes are picked, selected and squeezed, and the juice flows into stainless steel wine tanks for clarification 12 hours, and then is put into barrels for the first fermentation. In the spring of the following year, the wine was bottled, and then put into a wine cellar with constant temperature 10℃ to start the second fermentation for several months. Turning bottles is an important link in champagne brewing. The turnover machine rotates for one eighth of a week every day, so that the sediment in the wine slowly sinks to the bottle mouth. After six weeks, open the cork and the pressure in the bottle washes away the sediment, and the champagne wine will be pure and free of impurities. In order to fill the gap of the wine bottle after the sediment flows out, it is necessary to add sugary additives. The amount of additives determines three types of champagne wine: original flavor, sour taste and slightly sour taste. Then seal the bottle and continue to ferment slowly in the wine cellar. This process usually takes three to five years. An important feature of champagne is that it is made from a variety of grapes in different years, with purple grape juice and white grape juice mixed together; Mix the same wine from different years. As for the method and proportion of blending, it is a secret that all wineries will not tell anyone.

gold

Gin, also known as gin, can be divided into Dutch gin and English gin. A glass of Dutch gin. Barley, malt, corn and rye are used as raw materials, which are distilled after saccharification and fermentation, and juniper and other herbs are added during distillation, and then distilled twice. Flower blue gin is transparent and clear in color, outstanding in aroma and unique in style, which is suitable for single drinking. Its famous brands are Bowles, Ma Po and Hans. English gin. Ryegrass and corn were used as raw materials, fermented and put into a continuous distiller. Distilling high-alcohol liquor, adding juniper and other spices, and then distilling in a single distiller. English gin can be used for both drinking and mixing. British gin, also known as Qianjin wine, is colorless and transparent, with a unique flavor and a mellow and refreshing taste. The more popular brands are Gordon Gin, General Gin, Budos Gin and Tankali Gin.

vodka

Vodka is divided into two types, one is colorless and tasteless vodka, and the other is vodka with various spices. Vodka is a representative strong liquor in Russia, and its raw materials are potatoes and corn. The distilled vodka is slowly filtered for more than 8 hours, so that the original liquor fully contacts with activated carbon molecules and is purified into pure vodka. Vodka is colorless and tasteless, and it is the most tasteless wine in alcohol. The famous brands of vodka are: Crown, Skinlishna vicious work card and Moscow Voskaya green card.

odd

Rum is a by-product of sugar industry, which is refined from sugarcane and mostly produced in tropical areas. The production process of rum is similar to that of most distilled spirits. After raw material treatment, alcohol fermentation and distillation, liquor must be aged for 1-3 years before it can be dyed with oak color and fragrance. Rum can be divided into three categories according to taste, namely, low-alcohol rum, medium-alcohol rum and high-alcohol rum. Rum can also be divided into three categories according to color, namely white rum, golden rum and black rum. Famous brands of rum are: bacardi breezer, Meyer Black Rum and Captain Morgan.

vermouth

Weimeisi wine is made of white wine as the main raw material and about 30 kinds of spices. The formula for producing absinthe is always kept secret, and absinthe is divided into four categories. White absinthe is used as an aperitif in western food. The famous producing areas of Weimeisi are Italy and France. Famous absinthe: made of distilled or brewed wine as the main wine and other materials.

sherry

Produced in Cadiz, Spain, it is made by blending two local wines with brandy, and the aging time is about 15 years. There are two kinds of wine, one is golden yellow and bright, giving people a fresh feeling; The other is golden brown, with excellent transparency and rich aroma. There is a typical walnut fragrance, and the older it is, the more fragrant it is. The famous brands of this wine are: Tianbei Sherry, Pan Martin Sherry and Saint-Men Sherry.

pot

The most famous one is made in Portugal. Port wine is mostly red wine, but there is also a small amount of dry white port wine. According to the different production techniques, there are aged potters, wine-stained potters, ruby red potters and tea potters. Dry white wine is suitable as an aperitif, while dark brown wine is suitable for cheese. Brand-name port wines include Croft, Saint Gate and Taylor.

Tejila wine

Tequila, produced in Mexico, is a kind of strong liquor, which is made from a cactus called dragon tongue. The growth period of agave is 8- 10 years. When brewing wine, the spherical cactus is first split and put into a distiller for distillation. The agave was crushed in a flat glass, poured with warm water, fermented in distiller's yeast, distilled again and aged in wooden barrels. Tejila wine is amber, with peculiar aroma and fierce taste. Common tequilas are: tejilanjo, Ole, Mariasi and Socha.

There are many ways to classify beer, which can be classified according to color, concentration, production method and the nature of yeast used. According to the definition of current national beer standards, beer is generally divided into cooked beer, draft beer, pure draft beer and special beer. Cooked beer is beer that has been pasteurized or instantly sterilized at high temperature. Draft beer and draft beer are both beers without pasteurization or instantaneous high temperature sterilization. Draft beer is a kind of beer sterilized by special filtration method. Special beer is a kind of beer with special flavor, such as dry beer, cold beer, low-alcohol beer, ale, muddy beer and so on.

At present, the draft beer produced in China is actually the draft beer defined in the standard. The production of draft beer generally requires strict aseptic filtration, efficient aseptic packaging and comprehensive aseptic control in the production process. Because draft beer is sterilized by physical filtration instead of heating or high temperature sterilization, and high-quality raw materials are selected, the taste is fresher and the nutrients are richer.

In addition, domestic beer producers are constantly innovating and have introduced a series of beers with different colors, such as non-alcoholic beer, fruity beer and bitter gourd beer. Some basically do not contain alcohol, and some use post-modification technology to change the taste of beer, which is suitable for different occasions and people with different tastes and is more popular.