Which hero knows the history of world migration, and when did the mass migration of the world begin? thank

In the 1960s and 1970s, international workers moved to Western Europe on a large scale, and some countries began to turn into immigrant countries, the earliest being West Germany, France and Britain.

I. Germany

After World War II, in order to achieve rapid economic recovery, West Germany began to gradually implement the labor immigration policy. 195 1 year, the west german government revised the trade union management law, stipulating that the labor migration policy should be jointly formulated and passed by the labor agencies of the federal government and employers' federations, thus establishing some rights of migrant workers and strengthening the management of the labor market. Shortly thereafter, 1955, West Germany and Italy signed a recruitment agreement, and the government came forward to organize the recruitment of foreign workers, but the impact was not great. This is mainly because about 1 1.7 million war refugees flowed from East Germany to West Germany after the war, and these potential laborers made up for the shortage of labor in West Germany to some extent. However, the completion of the "Berlin Wall" in 196 1 and the revitalization of heavy industry centered on steel in West Germany made the problem of labor shortage in West Germany stand out. As a result, the West German government authorized the Ministry of Employment to actively recruit workers from abroad, and successively signed recruitment agreements with eight countries including Greece, Spain, Turkey and Yugoslavia. As a result, West Germany recruited a large number of foreign workers.

By 1973, the total number of migrant workers reached 2.595 million. They played a vital role in the post-war economic and social recovery of West Germany and the creation of the economic miracle of West Germany. Because the recruitment policy has been supported by almost everyone from all walks of life in West Germany, the West German government has gradually liberalized the residence permit for foreign workers. 1965 In April, West Germany passed the joint organization law, which stipulated that foreign workers could apply for work visas, but did not grant foreign workers permanent residency. Later, because employers were unwilling to constantly train new workers, in order to safeguard the interests of employers, in 197 1, the West German government stipulated that foreigners who had lived in West Germany for more than five years could obtain a five-year residence permit. At this time, few foreign workers began to bring their families to West Germany. During this period, the German government implemented a relatively open immigration policy.

In the early 1970s, due to the global oil crisis, the economic growth of West Germany slowed down and began to fall into stagflation. In this context, at the end of 1973, the West German government changed the active labor migration policy into a strict restrictive policy. Its characteristics are: strictly restricting the employment of foreigners in the country, urging foreign workers living in the country to return to China, and implementing the policy of ethnic integration to achieve domestic stability. 1973165438+10, West Germany completely stopped recruiting foreign workers and strictly restricted the issuance of labor permits to workers from non-European member countries at home. At the same time, the repatriation policy was implemented. 1983, the west german government promulgated the law on promoting foreigners' preparation for returning to China, and paid 15000 marks to foreign workers, 1500 marks to their children, and returned their pensions as appropriate. 1986 promulgated the Law on Housing Construction for Returned Foreigners, providing assistance for housing construction funds for returnees. At the same time, actively provide various consulting services for returnees. However, these measures have not greatly reduced the number of foreign workers. This is because foreign workers have adapted to the life in West Germany after long-term work, and at this time their home countries are also facing the threat of economic crisis, and they are as unemployed as when they return home. So many people would rather lose their jobs than go back to China. Labor immigrants who choose to stay in West Germany are worried that the control policy is getting stricter and stricter, and they try their best to bring their families. Therefore, the total number of foreigners living in West Germany has not decreased because of the change of host government policies, but has been increasing. In particular, the birth rate of foreigners is much higher than that of Germans, which leads to a significant growth of young foreigners, thus bringing many problems to the labor market, education and housing in West Germany. In order to ensure social stability and face up to the reality that foreigners who live legally are unwilling to return to their hometown for various reasons, the West German government has adopted a policy of ethnic integration for those who insist on not returning, so that their identity is legalized and their lives are stable. 1978 After the revision of the Aliens Law and related labor permit regulations, eligible foreigners and their families are granted long-term residence permits, residence qualifications and long-term special labor permits, and the labor market is gradually opened to their families. These regulations further encourage family reunion to some extent. After the recruitment order stopped, family reunion became the main channel for West Germany to accept foreign immigrants. Due to the recognition of the political asylum right of western countries and the influence of the Cold War and values, the West German government has implemented a certain humanitarianism in its immigration policy, attracting a large number of asylum seekers from Eastern Europe and third world countries. At the same time, due to the adoption of the bloodline system in the integration policy, the return of German immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union has increased since the 1980s. With the disintegration of the Eastern European Group and the unification of Germany in June 1990+00, the immigration structure in Germany has changed greatly. According to statistics, from 1988 to 199 1, about10.2 million German descendants living in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union moved to Germany. The huge immigration pressure has made Germany further tighten its immigration policy. 1990 promulgated the Aliens Law, which stipulated the conditions for foreigners to enter Germany, stay in Germany, obtain long-term residency and become naturalized, which was obviously stricter than the previous immigration law. 1993, Germany revised the provisions of the asylum law, clarified the scope of application of the right of asylum, accelerated the progress of the expulsion procedure, and greatly reduced the number of asylum seekers. Therefore, Germany's immigration policy is stricter on the entry of new foreign immigrants.

In recent years, the problem of immigration has become increasingly prominent, and the German government has to give up its evasive attitude and begin to face up to the fact that a large number of immigrants exist and admit that foreign immigrants and the German nation are in a "partnership society". To completely solve the immigration problem, it is necessary to achieve real integration. This is the core issue of Germany's future development. Therefore, according to the new situation, the German government began to brew an active and flexible "new immigration policy". The new immigration policy is based on two questions: first, whether Germany needs new immigrants under the new situation; The second is how to realize the real integration of immigrants.

On the first question, although there is a big debate about whether it is necessary to solve the problem of population aging through immigration, all parties in Germany basically agree on moderate immigration and think that immigration is of great significance to the German economy and labor market. It is an urgent need for Germany's economic growth to formulate and implement an active and open new immigration policy, which is directly related to Germany's future economic development.

On the second question, German political parties and factions have a great debate about how to integrate immigrants. One view was advocated by the Social Democratic Party, the Liberal Democratic Party and the Green Party, which were in power earlier, and advocated that immigrants should maintain their original cultural traditions, lifestyles and working methods, and even form some immigrant communities with unique cultural characteristics, so as to make Germany a multicultural and multi-ethnic society similar to the United States. Another view is advocated by CDU of the center right, which emphasizes that immigrants must establish a new "sense of identity" and gradually understand, adapt and integrate into the "mainstream culture" of Germany through education, training and social assistance. Obviously, this still has a strong assimilation color. German people generally tend to this view, while the upper class tends to the former view.

In the debate among all parties, on June 5438+1 October1day, 2000, the new German nationality law came into effect, which simplified the nationality application procedure, conditionally recognized dual nationality for the first time, and changed the traditional "principle of descent" into "dual principle of descent and place of birth". According to the new nationality law, about 654.38 million foreign children born in Germany will acquire German nationality every year. In August 2000, the German Schroeder government officially launched the "Green Card Program". In order to solve the shortage of talents in the information industry, it is planned to issue green cards to 20,000 computer experts so that they can obtain work permits in a short time. These experts can stay in Germany for up to five years. In March 2002, the new immigration law was finally passed in the Federal Senate after fierce debate, and it came into effect in June 65438+1October 65438+1October 2005.

The full name of this new immigration law is the Law on Controlling and Restricting Immigration and Regulating the Residence and Integration of EU Citizens and Foreigners, which fully reflects the current immigration policy in Germany. The new immigration law has replaced the original alien law and green card system, and made clear provisions on immigration, residence, naturalization, integration and asylum application. The law adopts the "points system" and selects immigrants according to their domestic acceptance and integration ability. According to the law, immigrants who have obtained residence permits in Germany will attend various training courses specially designed for foreigners to learn German, culture, social life and laws and regulations. Immigrants who do not know German and have lived for less than six years must attend this "integration class", otherwise their residence permit will be extended or they will not be naturalized. The implementation of this new immigration law has given Germany a clear immigration policy, which is more relaxed than the previous strict restrictions. In August 2007, the new immigration law was revised, and the national integration plan became the focus. This shows that: first, Germany has admitted that it is an immigrant country; Second, foreigners need a dominant culture to integrate into German society. There is an inseparable relationship between the two.

Second, France

France used to be a receiving country of immigrants in history, and it was more tolerant and open to foreign immigrants. This is based on their sense of superiority in their own culture and tradition. They have a strong desire to "reform" immigrants, so that they can give up their original language, culture and religion and accept assimilation from China in order to become French citizens. This is the * * * and mode. This model has long been regarded as the dominant of French immigration policy, which also makes France have a relatively free and relaxed immigration environment compared with Germany. Therefore, although after World War II, the French Charles de Gaulle government promulgated the first formal immigration bill in June of 5438+0945+0 1, and set up relevant immigration agencies to recruit and manage foreign workers, a large number of foreign workers have entered France through various channels, and then completed various procedures to achieve legalization after finding jobs, which is actually acquiesced by the French government. This means that during this period, the French government adopted the so-called "laissez-faire policy". This is based on the needs of post-war reconstruction and confidence in the "* * * and model". However, its potential influence became more and more prominent after 1970s.

1973 after the oil crisis, the French government cancelled its laissez-faire policy and began to control foreign immigrants and freeze the recruitment of foreign workers. 1974, the new French government issued a policy of stopping the entry of new labor immigrants and urging them to return home. Like Germany, after the conscription policy stopped, France also faced a large number of family reunion immigrants. For this reason, in 1977, France promulgated a policy to restrict family reunion, which restricted workers who required immigrants to work in France for more than five years before they had the right to apply for family reunion. However, contrary to expectations, from 1977 to 198 1, less than 654.38 million foreign immigrants returned to China, mainly from southern European countries, and most of them chose to stay in France.

1980 65438+ 10, the French government promulgated the "bonner law" on the expulsion of illegal immigrants. After the left-wing Socialist Party won the election of 198 1, Mitterrand's government relaxed the restrictions on immigrants and legalized132,000 illegal immigrants in order to reduce ethnic conflicts and maintain domestic stability. This easing policy has led to another surge in foreign immigrants. As a rebound, 1986, the Conservative Party held a majority in the French Parliament. After Chirac formed the cabinet, the new immigration legislation "Basque Law" came into effect, which introduced the concept of expelling "those who threaten public order" and clearly stipulated that the expulsion of illegal immigrants was carried out by administrative order without judicial procedures. This makes expulsion easier. From 65438 to 0989, a large number of asylum seekers flocked to France. To this end, France has introduced a series of policies and measures to increase entry visa restrictions, conduct fingerprint checks on asylum seekers, strengthen border control and punish illegal employment. Since then, a series of policies and decrees have been adopted to strictly restrict foreign immigrants and put forward the goal of "zero immigration". This policy lasted until the middle and late 1990s.

Contrary to the desire of "zero immigrants", many immigrants who legally live in France suddenly become "black households" because the conditions for being allowed to extend their residence have changed. But they are either the parents of French children or the spouses of French people and cannot be deported. Therefore, the strictly restricted immigration policy has been strongly condemned by some political parties, social groups and human rights organizations. In the 1996 presidential election, many "undocumented people" held demonstrations, which also prompted the government to reconsider its immigration policy. From 65438 to 0997, the left led by the Socialist Party came to power again, and the Jospin government was famous for supporting immigrants.

1998, the new government promulgated the Chevenemont law, which reduced the severe restrictions on certain types of immigrants, clarified the conditions for "undocumented" people caused by the old law to obtain legal documents, and adopted large-scale legalization measures. With the intensification of global competition, France has also learned from Germany and reformed its visa system to attract special talents. However, in 2002, the right-wing government came to power again. Sarkozy, then Minister of the Interior, has always been famous for strictly implementing the immigration policy, taking a series of measures to crack down on illegal immigrants, strengthen social security and limit the number of immigrants.

In 2005, a youth riot in North Africa occurred in the suburbs of Paris, France, and the "* * * and model" of French immigrant integration was challenged. Since the oil crisis in 1970s, many French immigrants came from Arabia and Africa and believed in Islam. They have strong religious beliefs and national identity, and there is an insurmountable gap with French social and cultural traditions. Coupled with the conflict of economic interests, the discrimination and exclusion of immigrants in French society is becoming more and more serious, and many restrictions are imposed on them in their public life. The gap between new immigrants and mainstream society is getting bigger and bigger. During the left's administration, it advocated human rights and demanded the elimination of discrimination, which promoted the transformation from "harmonious mode" to "multicultural mode". However, after the right-wing government came to power, it adopted an "iron fist" policy towards immigrants. In 2007, Sarkozy was elected as the new president of France and implemented the "selective immigration policy". On the one hand, he believes that France needs immigrants and welcomes those who have contributed to economic growth, on the other hand, he strictly controls their families to accompany them, and also stipulates the number of illegal immigrants repatriated each year. This policy is ridiculed by some scholars as an absurd "yin and yang" immigration policy. On the issue of immigrant integration, Sarkozy's government's attitude is firm, that is, you can't immigrate without integrating into French society. It can be seen that before finding a "balanced" immigration policy, the immigration problem in France will break out at any time.

Third, Britain.

Britain was once known as the "empire where the sun never sets", and its colonies spread all over five continents in the19th century. Therefore, the history of immigration in Britain is mainly about exporting people abroad, rather than accepting immigrants from abroad. After World War II, the British colonial system disintegrated, many former colonies and Commonwealth residents moved to Britain, and Britain gradually turned into an immigrant country. According to statistics, from 1963 to 200 1, nearly 2.5 million foreign immigrants came to settle in Britain. Among them, immigrants from Commonwealth countries account for a large proportion, mostly from the Indian subcontinent, and immigrants from North and South America, Oceania, Asia and Africa also account for a certain proportion. British society has a trend of multi-ethnicity. The glory of the British Empire and the unique closed psychology of the island countries make it have a strong sense of racial superiority and a strong tradition of exclusion. However, after World War II, with the decline of the empire, in order to continue to maintain its status and influence as a big country, Britain developed the "federal ideal", believing that keeping in touch with former colonial countries would contribute to the development of the Commonwealth. Therefore, Britain promulgated the Nationality Law of 1948, which clarified two categories of British citizens, one is citizens of independent Commonwealth countries, and the other is citizens of Britain and its colonies, all of whom enjoy full British civil rights, and also emphasized that Britain does not distinguish between the right to enter the country and the right to settle down based on race. According to the law, former British colonial citizens are still British citizens and still have the right to enter and leave Britain freely. This is undoubtedly the concentrated expression of the ideal complex of British Federation. Britain also adopts a laissez-faire policy when recruiting foreign workers, but unlike Germany and France, its economic factor is not the dominant factor, and the federal ideal color dominates. Therefore, compared with Germany and France, Britain is less attractive to foreign workers. The British government believes that allowing immigrants of color to enter the country freely is the price that must be paid to maintain the unity of the Commonwealth. Since the 1950s, colored immigrants have been pouring into Britain. From 195 1 to 196 1, the proportion of colored population per thousand people in Britain rose from 1.7 to 7.39.

However, since the mid-1950s, the focus of British foreign policy has shifted from the Commonwealth to Europe, and the relationship between Britain and the federal member countries has gradually alienated, and the complex of federal ideals has become increasingly indifferent. On the contrary, the sense of racial superiority is gradually rising. From 65438 to 0958, large-scale racial riots broke out in Britain, and the issue of colored immigrants caused widespread concern in Britain, which inspired deep-rooted racism, and the feelings of rejecting and controlling immigrants spread throughout the country. In this case, Britain passed the Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962, which stipulates that Commonwealth citizens must hold the certificate of the Ministry of the Interior if they want to immigrate. Certificates are divided into three categories: Class A is aimed at citizens of Commonwealth countries and has a fixed job in the UK; Category B refers to immigrants who have mastered the skills needed by Britain; Class C refers to unskilled workers and will be examined and approved in the order of application. From 1962 to 1965, the license will be issued according to the proportional limit. This law obviously restricts non-white immigrants in category C, breaking the tradition that people in Commonwealth countries and colonies are regarded as British citizens and enjoy equal citizenship and freedom of entry and exit. It marks that Britain has abandoned the complex of federal ideal and its immigration policy is stricter. 1In August, 965, the White Paper on Commonwealth Immigration was released. The quota of licenses issued to Commonwealth citizens is limited to 8,500, and the issuance of Class C licenses is stopped, that is, people without work skills will be excluded. 1968, Britain issued a new immigration law, stipulating that any British or colonial citizen, despite holding a British passport, is still bound by the immigration control law, and the unconditional right to enter the country is limited to those who have close ties with Britain through birth, naturalization or descendants. This law distinguishes between citizens and non-citizens for the first time, aiming at controlling colored immigrants from Commonwealth countries. The implementation of this law immediately deprived 200,000 East Africans and Asians with British passports of the right to enter the UK. Britain's immigration policy is getting tighter and tighter, from acceptance to exclusion step by step.

1 9 7 0, after the British Conservative Party won the general election, it promulgated the 197 1 year immigration law, which increased the state's right of expulsion and strengthened the state's comprehensive control over immigration through laws. At this time, the inherent racism in Britain was completely released, resulting in the xenophobic thought represented by Powell's doctrine. Powell, the Defence Secretary of Heath Conservative Party's Shadow Cabinet, believes that immigration has weakened the British national identity. His thoughts resonate with many British people. Margaret Thatcher was elected as the chairman of the Conservative Party from 65438 to 0975, which further continued Powell's thoughts on immigration. 1979, when Margaret Thatcher came to power, 198 1 promulgated a new nationality law, which was implemented in 1983 and eventually replaced 1948 nationality law. The new law divides the past "British and colonial citizens" into three categories: one is "British citizens", mainly referring to local citizens; The second is "citizens of British dependent territories"; The third is "British overseas citizenship", which mainly refers to citizens of other Commonwealth countries. Among the three types of citizens, the only one who is not subject to immigration restrictions is British citizens, and citizens of British overseas territories and dependent territories are included in the scope of immigration policy control. The Nationality Law of 198 1 year greatly reduced the coverage of British citizens, strengthened the legal control over immigrants, and minimized the possibility of non-whites obtaining British citizenship. Like Germany and France, the restrictive immigration policy makes Britain also face family reunion immigrants and a large number of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, so in 1988, Britain passed a new immigration bill, revised the immigration law of 197 1 year, and added more restrictive conditions. When dealing with asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, the new law prohibits asylum seekers from applying for multiple times and increases severe punishment for hiring and transporting illegal immigrants.

In the middle and late 1990s, with the acceleration of globalization and the global competition for high-quality talents, Britain's immigration policy has also been adjusted, and the number of labor permits issued has been increasing, mainly to absorb foreigners who are directly beneficial to Britain's economic development. "9? After the "1 1" incident, Britain was on high alert and revised the Nationality and Immigration Ordinance in an all-round way to treat illegal immigrants severely to ensure that asylum seekers who might be associated with terrorists would not succeed. In February 2002, the British government published a White Paper on Immigration, which thoroughly reformed the immigration and asylum application system in Britain, with the aim of preventing the asylum system from being abused and making new immigrants integrate into British society more quickly and easily. This shows that Britain has begun to adopt a more flexible immigration policy. While strictly restricting illegal immigration, in order to promote the development of domestic economy, the British government also actively encourages professionals and technicians to immigrate to the UK, for example, following the "green card" policy of the United States and issuing permits to foreigners with considerable professional skills so that they can work in the UK; If overseas students need to apply for a work permit after graduation in the UK, they can apply in the UK instead of having to leave the UK before applying overseas. Establish a plan that is not based on quotas, so that hotels, restaurants and food producers can hire overseas workers during the peak season. However, the shadow of racism and terrorist attacks still exists, and the problem of inclusion and exclusion in immigration and integration still exists in British immigration policy.

Four. abstract

From the development and evolution of the immigration policies of the three countries in Western Europe, we can see that there is an interactive relationship between immigration policies and immigrants in Western European countries, that is, immigration leads to the emergence of immigration policies, which in turn affects the development of immigrants, and the development and changes of immigrants urge countries to further adjust and modify immigration policies, which will have an impact on immigrants after adjustment. In this kind of interaction, there are various contradictions, disputes and differences between the parties, which makes this process complicated and presents a curved development track after the war.

Generally speaking, in order to accept refugees and rebuild their economies after the war, West Germany, France and Britain all formulated relatively open immigration policies and recruited foreign workers, which led to a large influx of labor immigrants into these three countries. However, the policy motives of these three countries are different. The recruitment of workers in West Germany is entirely based on economic motives, guided by the demand of the labor market, and has never intended to accept permanent immigration. On the other hand, France mainly has the ideals of "* * *" and "harmony" in culture, so it mainly recruits labor immigrants from European countries with similar cultures, and plans to permanently integrate some immigrants from the beginning; Britain, on the other hand, recruits labor immigrants from Commonwealth countries, which is mainly driven by political "federal ideal" rather than economic reasons.

This attitude has led to the rapid growth of foreign immigrants in these three countries, followed by immigration problems, and the attitudes of people and immigrants in various countries have gradually changed from welcome to exclusion, prompting the three countries to adjust their immigration policies from active opening to restriction. However, the restrictive immigration policy has resulted in an increase in family reunion immigrants and a sharp increase in illegal immigrants. Restrictive immigration policies have not stopped smuggling, but have intensified it. At the same time, some immigrants lost their legal status and became "black households" who stayed for a long time. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Germany, France and Britain faced a large number of refugees and asylum seekers for the same international political reasons. Therefore, countries have further strengthened restrictive policies with the same goal, that is, to minimize the number of foreign immigrants, prevent further large-scale immigration, limit the opportunities for asylum seekers to apply for asylum, and severely crack down on illegal immigrants. However, due to the different immigration policies of different countries, some refugees and illegal immigrants can easily take advantage of loopholes and flow within the EU. Therefore, Germany, France and Britain began to seek the coordination of immigration policies at the EU level, and intensified efforts to crack down on illegal immigrants and control refugees.

With the advent of the era of economic globalization, the competition in the international community is becoming increasingly fierce. Due to the restrictive immigration policy of EU countries, it is not only unable to absorb a large number of high-tech talents, but also causes brain drain, widening the gap with developed countries such as the United States and Canada. At present, Germany, France and Britain began to adjust their immigration policies, gradually relaxed their restrictive immigration policies, and began to seek more flexible immigration policies, that is, while strictly restricting refugees and cracking down on illegal immigrants, they were more relaxed about investment-oriented and intelligent immigrants and promoted the integration of domestic immigrants. This is not only the need to enhance competitiveness in the era of globalization, but also the result of the contradictory struggle between various parties in Germany, France and Britain on immigration policy. However, this immigration policy is far from being completed, and the effect is not good from the implementation situation. This shows that the contradictory mentality on immigration still restricts the development of immigration policies in EU countries, and will further affect the future immigration trends of EU countries.