The ancient tomb in Linghe town

Dongjiazhuang Han Stone Relief Tomb is located in the courtyard of Anqiu Museum. The original site is in the north of Dongjiazhuang Village, Linghe Town, 9 kilometers southwest of the city. When the Moushan Reservoir was built in 1959, it was found to be a large stone tomb of the Han Dynasty. 65438+ From February of the same year to March of the following year, Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Office cleaned and excavated the tombs, and only moved the stone reliefs to the county for preservation. 1963 was restored in Beiguan Orchard (today's museum courtyard), with a protective vestibule at the entrance of the tomb and the words "Han Tomb" on the threshold. 1979 Anqiu County People's Government announced the Han Dynasty stone tomb as the first batch of county-level key cultural relics protection units. During the period of 1993, the Anqiu County Urban and Rural Construction Committee and the Anqiu County Cultural Bureau delineated the protection scope and construction control zone of the Han Dynasty stone relief tomb in Dongjiazhuang, Anqiu County, and made provisions on the environmental protection of the Han Dynasty stone relief tomb and its surroundings.

The Han tomb faces south. The whole tomb consists of tunnel, tomb door, front room, middle room, two back rooms, east ear room and north ear room. The length of the tomb from north to south is14.3m, and the width from east to west is 7.9 1 m (subject to the external wall, excluding the entrance to the tomb), covering an area of 70.15m2. The whole tomb is composed of prefabricated slabs and strips, with a total of 224 stones, most of which are limestone, except that the tunnel is paved with bricks. The tunnel is the roof of the ticket, and the front room, the middle room and the back room are the roofs, all of which are made of trapezoidal slope stones and rectangular roof stones processed into the opening of the mother and son. Both ear chambers are flat-topped. Cement joints are used to bond the stones, which is very firm. There are four load-bearing pillars and cylindrical stones in the middle of the front room, the middle room and the back room. Pillars, tomb gates and tunnels form a north-south central axis, which is basically symmetrical from east to west. The overall design of Han tombs is similar to the architectural style in real life, which embodies the idea of "rebirth" that advocates prosperity before death and never forgets to enjoy heaven after death. All the stones in the tomb have been artistically treated. Of the 224 stones, 103 is engraved with portraits. These portraits are distributed in the stone seal, tomb door, tomb walls, ceiling, columns and mounds of the tunnel, covering an area of 1.46 square meters. Except for a few grasses, there are 69 complete portraits. According to the needs of subject matter and place, portraits adopt different carving techniques, most of which are carved in relief, and a few are engraved with concave lines. Some portraits use high relief and through carving techniques, and sometimes the same portrait also uses a variety of carving techniques. The carving design is standard and exquisite, which shows the superb artistic level of stone carving in Han Dynasty.

Portraits have diverse themes and rich forms of expression, which are basically divided into the following categories.

The first category: reflecting the social life of the tomb owner, such as riding, paying homage, singing and dancing, fishing and hunting. Mainly distributed on the four walls of the tomb and a few top stones. Representative pictures include music and dance on the north slope of the top of the middle room, hunting pictures on the west wall of the back room, horses and chariots traveling pictures on the west wall of the front room and the middle room, etc. The music and dance picture depicts a dynamic landscape of jubilation, and the layout of the picture is reasonable, rich but not chaotic. In one group, a person's right foot, left knee and left hip position, one ball in each hand, six balls hanging in the air, the next one falling, * * * eleven balls, and the other three swords flying in the air at the same time. It is a record that a person does not feel embarrassed when playing with fourteen objects, which is found in performances with similar themes. A group of pole play, one person bends his arm to hold the pole, two people climb the pole, and one person dances on his back at the top of the pole; There are six people on the crossbar, four of whom hook the crossbar with their feet or knees and dance in the air. The other two are on the crossbar, holding the lever with both hands and standing upside down. Nine people on the pole move together, with different postures. Although they don't care about each other, there is no danger of taking risks. The pole holder tiptoes backwards, relaxed and comfortable, which is also the largest number of performers in the same performance. A group of six blogs, with a group of blogs in the middle and six people around, all dressed in feather clothes, are divided into three groups, facing each other, which intuitively shows the gameplay of the six blogs. Two of them sit far away from the office, playing with their arms bent; Two people are long, one is bent, the other is stretched, and the blog is separated by a bureau; The other two are close together, sitting on their knees, holding blogs. The hunting map shows a vast scene and a compact structure. On the right, galloping horses and dogs are chasing after them with tools, and rabbits and deer are running in danger; In the middle of a mountain, mountains overlap, immortals wander, animals chase or rest; There are many animals on the left, and their movements are different. It seems that two people are taming animals. The above two paintings both use bas-relief techniques to depict rich and vivid life scenes. The travel map of horses and chariots is engraved with concave lines, with smooth lines and skillful skills. It depicts people with different identities, lithe horses and various vehicles, shows the strict and complicated etiquette and hygiene system in the Han Dynasty, and reflects the social status of the owner of the Han tomb to some extent. The second category: mythical figures, rare birds and animals and other folk legends that reflect the idea of ascending immortals to gain enlightenment. It is mainly distributed on the entrance of the tomb, the roof stone and the cover stone. The representative pictures include the trace map of the roof stone of Thor's front room and the trace map of the south slope of the roof of the middle room of the Empress Dowager. The artistic imagination of Raytheon's travel map is unrestrained and free. Surrounded by immortals, Lei Gong and Yu Qingyun are in front, followed by Dian Mu, Fengbo and Yu Shi. Strange birds and animals occupy a lot of space in the portrait. The four gods, Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku, Xuanwu, Humanized Toad and Nine-headed Beast, contain complex cultural and ideological connotations of the Han Dynasty. Suzaku in each state in the portrait is the legendary phoenix image, and Hanshu also records the fact that "the phoenix gathers in Anqiu and is pure". It seems illusory today, but in the Han Dynasty, it was a symbol of world peace and people's prosperity and well-being, and the Phoenix reflected people's desire for a happy life. The third category: several historical stories. Ding Sheng and Confucius in Surabaya asked questions with clear themes. Confucius asked the map to adopt the method of cutting concave surface with negative lines, and a long list of figures, chariots and horses were portrayed delicately and smoothly. From left, the first one is Lao Zi, the second one is Xiang Tuo, and the third one is Confucius and his disciples. Confucius once asked Laozi for stories about Zhou Li laws and regulations, and argued with seven-year-old Xiang Tuo. Here, the designer of the portrait regards these two stories as a painting, which embodies the ideological understanding that Confucius sages are teachers, regardless of age, and are not ashamed to ask questions. At the same time, the owners who built and used stone tombs were mostly officials who accumulated knowledge, and learning from the Tao was the foundation of the Eastern Han Dynasty. So even if you live in another world, you should be trained by sages without losing elegance. The fourth category: the content that reflects the concept of reproductive worship. The square column distributed between the anterior chamber and the middle chamber and the square column between the northern wall of the posterior chamber is representative of the square column between the anterior chamber and the middle chamber. The picture depicts many people and animals, and the complex relationship between people and animals is handled very skillfully. Touching people, pregnant women and pregnant bears are kind and peaceful, which expresses the understanding of reproduction and human relations in Han Dynasty and has far-reaching influence. Square column carving adopts mature high relief and through carving techniques, which are lifelike, full of gestures and dynamic atmosphere. It is a representative work of stone carving in Han Dynasty, and is known as "a rare artistic masterpiece in Han Dynasty". According to textual research, the owner of the tomb should be Sun Song from Anqiu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

Sun Song (about 135— 195), whose real name is Bin Shuo, was born in Shi Bin. He is knowledgeable, honest and upright, and is famous for helping Zhao Qi. Ming Wanli's Annals of Anqiu County said: "Bin Shuo became famous in Dongzhou and was an official in Yuzhou." After Sun Song died, he was buried in his hometown. Many documents record the basic location of Sun Song's tomb. "Water Classics Note" contains (Moushan) "There is a tomb of Sun Binshuo's brothers in the south of Shanxi. The inscription is also there. " Ming Wanli's Anqiu County Records said: "The tomb of Sun Binshuo, the secretariat of Yuzhou, is in the southwest of the Jin 'gou River in Moushan. "Qingzhou Fu Zhi" said: "The tomb of Sun Bin Shuo Xiong is at the foot of Moushan Mountain in the southwest of the county. "Continued Anqiu County Records" records that in the Yuan Dynasty, when Yu Qin wrote Cheng Qi, he stayed at Taixu Palace. Zhao Qi said in a night dream: "A servant has a good friend to bury Anqiu, which is more righteous than the world, and there is nothing in this life. Please bring it to encourage the decline of customs. " After reading Zhao Qi's biography, Yu Qin realized that Zhao Qi's "good friend" was Sun Song. The investigation of cultural relics shows that his story of saving Zhao Qi is also widely circulated among the local people, with chivalry and moral heroism. In the first half of the 20th century, there were still statues of Sun Song and Zhao Qi in the view of Moushan Mountain in the northwest. On one side of Guannan Road, there is a monument to Sun Song's tomb. Sun Song has a hundred doors through which horses and chariots can enter and exit. He should be a local noble family and went to Yuzhou to be a secretariat. His status is equivalent to the social status shown by the owner of the tomb, and he also has enough strength to create this tomb with the prevailing shape and scale at that time. The owner of this Han tomb should be Sun Song. Dongjiazhuang Han Dynasty Stone Relief Tomb is large in scale, and it is one of the large Han Dynasty Stone Relief Tombs discovered so far in China. Portrait composition is complex, the content is rich and colorful, the carving skill is exquisite, the artistic level is superb, and it has high historical value, cultural relic value and scientific and artistic value.

The villages under its jurisdiction include Liujiahetou Village Louzibu Village Leijiagou Village Linghe Village Dalu Village Zhangbuzhuang Village Dongzhaojiazhuang Village Xizhaojiazhuang Village Zhifang Village Baietuan Village Hu Kai Village Zhujiabu Village Liugou Village Xidianzi Village Guanwangmiao Village xiaoguanzhuang Village Shui Bo Village Darulin Village Qianrulin Village Xirulin Village Xiao Dalu Village Shijiazhuang Village Wang Jiaying Village Guanqianbu Village Louzibu Village Xinbingma Village Zhengjiahe Village Pujiabu Village Mahetou Village Liujiazi Village Chuanliyuan Village Fanjiazhuang Village Leijia Village Mijiazhuang Village Xinzhong Village. Tou Village Xizhuangtou Village Quanziya Village Fangjiabu Village Yujiamiaozi Village he jia zhuang Village Qianwenjiazhuang Village Qianxiaogou Village Yaojiazhuang Village Beixiaogou Village Qiansongyuan Village Housongyuan Village Laowazi Village Sun Xiaoge Village Li Xiaoge Village Huang Xiaoge Village Zaojiaoshu Village Qian Shan Village Gongjiazhuang Village Gongjialing Village Dongdianzi Village Dongjiazhuang Village Dongbeiying Village Ximeiyingying Village Dongbeizhuang Village Veteran Maying Village Lujiabu Village