What kind of people do "Hakkas" mainly refer to?

Hakka is a characteristic ethnic group of Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups of Han nationality in the world. They live in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huiyang and other cities in Guangdong, and in 18 counties and cities in Jiangxi, Ganzhou, western Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Hainan and Hong Kong, distributed in more than 120 counties. Ancestors lived in the Yellow River valley, and went south in large numbers in the late Western Jin Dynasty (early 4th century) and the late Tang Dynasty (late 9th century) due to war. /kloc-after the demise of the southern song dynasty in the 0' s and 270' s, it moved to Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Call themselves "Hakkas" or "Lairen" to distinguish them from the locals. Hakka dialect is one of Chinese dialects, which retains more ancient Chinese phonology. Folk songs have a unique style. Hakkas keep their own customs and traditions in the area where they live. Women are full of energy, participate in labor production, are not bound by feudal bad habits, and are brave in making progress. In modern times, after the failure of the Taiping Rebellion, many Hakkas were forced to disperse in a wider range, and some migrated to Nanyang to live.

On August 20th, 2007, the International Symposium on "The Starting Point of the First Migration of Hakka Ancestors to the South" concluded in yanshi city, Luoyang, Henan Province, determined that the memorial site of the first large-scale migration of Hakka ancestors to the south was in yanshi city, Henan Province.

Hakkas are a branch of the Chinese nation. Over the past 1000 years, they have migrated from the Central Plains, covering more than half of China and overseas. Representatives attending the seminar believed that the first migration of Hakkas took place in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Luoyang, as the capital at that time, was the root of Hakkas. Most of the landmark landscape remains of the memorial site of Hakka ancestors' first southward migration are concentrated in yanshi city, and Luo Yi Plain with yanshi city as the center is the core area of Heluo culture, so it is the source of Hakka culture.

[Edit this paragraph] Hakka dialect

Hakka dialect has different names in different places, such as Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong; In western Guangdong and southeastern Guangxi, it is called Ya dialect, Majie dialect and Xinmin dialect. Liuyang, Hunan calls guests' surnames; They are called Tukan people in Sichuan. But commonly known as Hakka. This is claiming to be one with him.

Distribution of Hakka dialects

Hakka dialect is mainly used in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi and parts of Sichuan, Hunan and Hainan in Chinese mainland. The main areas are eastern and northern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi, southwestern Jiangxi and western Fujian. The border area of Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi is the most concentrated area of Hakka, so it is also the most popular area of Hakka dialect. Hakka is spoken overseas, in parts of Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong. There are also many Hakka speakers in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and overseas Chinese.

Hakka dialects in Guangdong are almost all over the province, but mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. Among them, the counties and cities that are pure Hakka dialect or mainly Hakka dialect are Meixian, Xingning, Wuhua, Dapu, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Longchuan, Heping, Shixing, Li Anping, Xinfeng, Heyuan, Fengshun, Zijin, Nanxiong, Wengyuan, Liannan, Yingde, Huiyang, Qujiang, Boluo, Baoan, Huidong and Jiexi. In addition, some counties and cities in other parts of Guangdong, such as Raoping County, Jiexi, Haifeng, Lufeng, Longmen, Conghua, hua county, Xinhui, Huazhou, Sihui, Yangjiang, Heshan, Sanshui, Gaoyao, Kaiping, Xinyi, Zhuhai, Shenzhen Longgang and Dongguan, also have different degrees of Hakka dialect distribution. According to the latest survey data, the population of Hakka speakers in Zhanjiang, Maoming and Yangjiang in western Guangdong is about 6.5438+0.9 million, covering an area of about 6,400 square kilometers, specifically in Lianjiang, Huazhou, Xinyi, Gaozhou, Dianbai, Yangxi and Yangchun counties.

Hakka dialects in Fujian Province are mainly distributed in Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding, Liu Qing, Ninghua and Mingxi counties in western Fujian. In addition, Qujiang in Nanjing, Jiu Feng and Changle in Pinghe County, Xiuzhuan and Guanpi in Zhaoan County, and Wan 'an (formerly known as Xikou Town) in the northwest of Longyan are also Hakka dialects.

Hakka dialects in Jiangxi Province are mainly distributed in seventeen counties such as Xingguo, Ningdu, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Anyuan, Quannan, Longnan, Dingnan, Xinfeng (excluding Jiading Town and some rural areas in the suburbs), Dayu, Chongyi, Shangyou, Nankang, Ganxian and Du Yu, as well as Tonggu County in the northwest and most towns in xiushui county. In addition, some towns and villages in Pingxiang, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Gao 'an, Wuning and Hengfeng all speak Hakka.

Sichuan province is also a province where Hakkas live relatively concentrated. Hakka dialects are mainly distributed in Dongshan, Xindu, Jintang, Guanghan, Shifang, Pengxian, Shuangliu, Xinjin, Jianyang, Renshou, Zizhong, Weiyuan, Anyue, Fushun, Lu Xian, Hejiang, Yibin, Guang 'an, Yilong, Bazhong and Tongzhong.

Hakka dialects in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are distributed in 79 of the 90 cities and counties in the region, accounting for 87.78% of all cities and counties. As far as towns and villages are concerned, among the 1364 towns and villages in the whole region, 583 towns and villages have Hakka dialects, accounting for 42.74% of all towns and villages. Hakka dialect in Guangxi is mainly concentrated in Luchuan, Bobai, southern Pubei and eastern Hepu. Followed by Fangcheng, Qin Cheng and Lingshan; Taking your county as the center, along the railway from southeast to northwest of Yulin, Litang and Binyang; In addition, there are Laibin, Guiping, Pingnan, Xiangzhou, Liuzhou, Hezhou, Mengshan, Lipu and Yangshuo.

Hakka dialect in Hunan Province is mainly used in some villages in Youxian, Chaling, Yanling, Rucheng and Guidong counties, and in some villages in Liuyang and Pingjiang counties. Jiang Yong and Jiang Hua also have a few people who speak Hakka.

Hakka dialects in Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in towns south of Taoyuan, towns around Zhongli, Hsinchu, Zhudong and Miaoli, some towns in Pingtung County and Meinong Town in Kaohsiung County.

The overseas distribution of Hakka dialects can be divided into five regions: Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Oceania. Among them, there are 3.5 million people who speak Hakka in Asia, mainly in Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and other countries. There are 54,000 overseas Chinese in Africa, distributed in Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa and other countries 12. About 460,000 people in the United States speak Hakka, which is distributed in 2 1 countries and regions such as Peru and the United States. There are 1600 and 44000 overseas Chinese in Europe and Oceania respectively.

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