Knowledge of the continents and Asia where we live.

Chapter VI The continent where we live-Asia

Section 1 Natural environment

1. Location: Asia is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Urals Mountains, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea and Turkish Strait in the west, Africa in the southwest, Oceania in the southeast and North America in the northeast. (Figure 6.2p2) Geographical divisions of Asia: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and North Asia. Asia is the continent with the largest area, the widest latitude and the longest distance between east and west in the world. (Note that it is not the continent with the largest longitude span. The continent and ocean with the largest longitude span are Antarctica and the Arctic Ocean respectively. )

3. Topography and rivers: Central Asia is high and its periphery is low. Due to the influence of topography, rivers originating in the central mountainous areas and plateaus radiate to the surrounding oceans. (Figure 6.5p4, carefully complete the activity questions on page 5 with pictures)

4. Best in Asia:

(1) Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest plateau in the world ("the roof of the world"); (Note: the world's largest plateau: the Brazilian plateau) The world's highest mountain range: the Himalayas;

(2) Mount Everest (8848.43m above sea level), the highest peak in the world, and the Dead Sea (-415m above sea level);

(3) Mekong River, which flows through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, is the largest river in Asia. Originated in Qinghai Province, China, and injected into the South China Sea. (Note: Danube [Europe] is the river that flows through most countries, Nile is the longest river in the world, and Amazon is the widest river in the world)

(4) The largest plain in Asia: West Siberia Plain; The largest plain in the world: Amazon Plain;

(5) The largest lake in the world: Caspian Sea (saltwater lake); The largest freshwater lake: Lake Superior [North America]; Lake with the largest and deepest water storage capacity: Lake Baikal [Russia]; The largest archipelago in the world: Malay archipelago.

5. Climate: Asia spans the tropics, the northern temperate zone and the northern frigid zone. Affected by latitude and land and sea location, the climate has the characteristics of (complex and diverse) (significant monsoon climate) and (extensive continental climate distribution).

Section 2 Human environment

1. Asia is the most populous continent in the world, among which East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated areas, and there are 11countries with a world population of more than1billion (2003). They are China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Japan and Mexico. Asia has the largest population, while Oceania (except Antarctica) has the smallest population. The population growth rate is the highest in Africa and the lowest in Europe.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

1. Japan is an island country in the Pacific Northwest, with Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu from north to south. The largest is Honshu Island. It faces the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Sea of Japan in the west.

2. Japan is located at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate. This is a country with many volcanoes and earthquakes. The most famous volcano is Mount Fuji. The terrain is mainly mountainous, and the largest plain is Kanto Plain. Japan is an island country with winding coastline and many excellent harbors, which is very beneficial to fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties. (figure 7.2p 18, activity p 19)

The capital of Japan is Tokyo, and the largest port city in Japan is Yokohama. Due to the small land area and lack of resources, Japan's economy developed rapidly after World War II, and the demand for industrial raw materials and fuels increased. In addition, its domestic supply is insufficient and it is highly dependent on foreign countries. Japan's economy is characterized by processing trade, and its industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

1. Southeast Asia is in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, at the "crossroads" of Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Located between (Malay Peninsula) and (Sumatra Island), Malacca Strait is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. (Figure 7. 17- 18p26-27)

2. The largest country in Southeast Asia is Indonesia, and the only landlocked country is Laos.

3. Climate types mainly include tropical rain forest climate and tropical monsoon climate. Southeast Asia is densely populated, with little arable land, high temperature and rainy weather, and rice is the main food crop. The humid and hot climate conditions make Southeast Asia one of the important tropical crop production bases in the world. Southeast Asia is the world's largest producer of rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana. Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are the world's largest rice exporters, Thailand is the world's largest rubber producer, Malaysia is the world's largest palm oil producer, Indonesia is the world's largest coconut producer, and the Philippines is the world's largest banana hemp producer and coconut exporter. (Figure 7.22p29 Activity p30)

3. Most of the mountains and rivers in Indochina Peninsula extend from north to south, with the characteristics of alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution.

The country where the river near the city is located.

Hanoi Red River (upstream is Yuanjiang River) Vietnam

Phnom Penh Mekong River (upstream is Lancang River) Cambodia

Vientiane is the same as Laos

Chao phraya River, Bangkok, Thailand

Irrawaddy River in Yangon, Myanmar (upper reaches of Nujiang River)

Section 3 India

2. India is divided into three parts: the Himalayas in the north, the Indus-Ganges Plain in the middle and the Deccan Plateau in the south. The largest river is the Ganges River, and the main cities are New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Bangalore.

3. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with a tropical monsoon climate, with high temperature all year round and obvious dry and wet seasons. Southwest monsoon prevails in rainy season (June-September) and northeast monsoon prevails in dry season (65438+1October-May of the following year). (Activity p37) Affected by the monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable, and floods and droughts occur frequently.

The cash crops are cotton, jute and sugarcane. India's jute production ranks first in the world,

Calcutta is the center of hemp textile industry and steel industry; Mumbai is the center of cotton textile industry; Bangalore is India's "Silicon Valley".

Section 4 Russia

1, Russia is the largest country in the world, located in the northern part of Eurasia, spanning Asia and Europe. Most of its territory is located in the northern temperate zone, with a temperate continental climate, characterized by long and cold winters and short and warm summers.

2. Most areas are relatively flat, mainly plains and plateaus. From west to east, there are Eastern Europe Plain (Urals Mountain, ural river), Western Siberia Plain (Yenisei River), Central Siberia Plateau (Lena River) and Eastern Siberia Mountains.

Russia is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient in resources. Oil, natural gas, coal and iron resources rank among the top in the world. The largest coal mine is Kuzbas Coal Mine, the famous oil fields are Baku Oilfield and Tyumen Oilfield, and the largest iron mine is Kursk Iron Mine. The most developed areas of food and textile industry in Russia are located near St. Petersburg, and the most developed areas of industry are located near Moscow.

4. Russia has a complete transportation department, but the distribution of transportation lines in Europe and Asia is unbalanced.

(1) Railway transportation and pipeline transportation are the main transportation. Some railways in Europe are dense, forming a radial railway network centered on Moscow, while some railways in Asia are sparse. A railway across Eurasia is trans-siberian railway, which is called Eurasia Continental Bridge. (The second Eurasian Continental Bridge starts in Lianyungang, China and ends in Rotterdam, the Netherlands)

(2) The Volga River is the mother river of Russia and the longest river in Europe, with abundant flow, stable flow and high shipping value. Through the canal, the Volga River can be navigable to five sea areas (Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Azov Sea and Black Sea).

5. Moscow is the capital of Russia, the largest city in Russia, the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the whole country, and the second largest city is St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea; Vladivostok is a port city on the Pacific coast. Murmansk is an all-year-round ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean.

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

1. The Middle East is located in southwest Asia and northeast Africa. The hub connecting Asia, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean is the main traffic artery between east and west, and it is the land of three continents and five seas (Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea). By comparing the topographic map of the Middle East with Figure 8.3, we can understand the geographical location and topographic characteristics of the Middle East.

2. At present, the Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves and output in the world, mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, and most of the oil produced is transported to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan by sea. Major oil producers include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Iraq.

5. The Middle East is mainly white. Most people believe in Islam. Islam, Judaism and Christianity all regard Jerusalem as the holy city, and Islam also regards Mecca as the holy city. Arabs believe in Islam, Jews are concentrated in Israel and believe in Judaism, and Persians are mainly distributed in Iran and believe in Islam. Cultural differences are also one of the important reasons for instability in the Middle East.

Section 2 Western Europe

1. Western Europe is densely populated and has many countries, which is the most concentrated area of developed countries. The region has formed a regional international organization called the European Union, which currently has 27 member countries, and the unified currency is called the euro. The EU has strengthened the political and economic ties between European countries and played an important role in the world economic field and the international political arena.

3. Developed animal husbandry: This area is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent (the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the south coast of the Arctic Ocean and the north shore of the Mediterranean Sea). Influenced by the west wind all the year round, it forms a temperate humid maritime climate. The terrain is mainly plain, with flat terrain, juicy pastures and vast grasslands. People in this area call the pasture "green gold". Holland and Denmark are famous dairy countries.

Section III Sub-Saharan Africa

1. This area is located in the south of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world. There are more than 600 million people, more than 90% of whom are black, so this area is called "black Africa".

Both the equator and the Tropic of Cancer pass through this region, and Africa is the largest trans-tropical continent in the world. As shown in Figure 6. 12p9, the climate distribution features in this area: the tropical rain forest climate is the center, and the savanna is distributed in the north and south, with the savanna being the most widely distributed. Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Climatic characteristics of tropical grassland: high temperature all year round, obviously divided into dry and wet seasons. Tropical grassland areas are often affected by drought.

3. Read Figure 8.26p67, regional latitude and longitude position, distribution of major countries, rivers and topography, etc. The topography of this area is mainly plateau. Congo basin, the largest basin, has the longest river in the world, the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.

4. Due to the long-term occupation and plunder by colonialism, many countries in this region have become a single commodity economy, that is, exporting primary products mainly including minerals, timber, livestock products and tropical cash crops, and importing industrial finished products such as machinery and automobiles. This mode of over-reliance on one or several primary products is not conducive to the long-term economic development. We should strive to develop national industries, develop diversified agriculture, and develop agricultural products processing, tourism, aquaculture and other industries.

Africa is the continent with the highest population growth rate. The production of agriculture and animal husbandry here is backward, the output of agricultural products is very low, and the population is growing rapidly, so the shortage of food supply is a common problem encountered by countries in this region.

Section 4 Australia

1. Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, and the Tropic of Capricorn passes through central Australia, mainly located in the tropical and south temperate zones in the five zones. The biggest river is murray river.

Australia takes advantage of natural conditions in different regions to develop agriculture and animal husbandry according to local conditions, forming four different agricultural and animal husbandry areas, as shown in Figure 8.37p74. Australia is also a country with a vast territory and a sparsely populated area, with a small population density, a large farm scale, a high degree of mechanization in agricultural and animal husbandry production and advanced production technology. Most of the main agricultural and livestock products are exported. Besides wool, Australia is also an important exporter of beef and wheat in the world.

Australia's service industry has greatly surpassed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining, and has become the leading industry in Australia.

Sydney is the largest industrial center and port city in China, and Melbourne is the second largest city in China.

Countries that monopolize the mainland have three good names all over the world. Endemic animals are kangaroos, duckbill emus and koalas.

The climate is annular and diverse. We come in winter, and now it's summer. The land is vast and the population is sparse, so it is good to shepherd sheep. Coal and iron resources are abundant.

The population is concentrated in the southeast, the climate is warm and humid, and it is easy to settle down. The ports are Sydney and Melbourne, but the capital is Canberra.

Section 1 America

1, the United States is located in the western hemisphere, and the United States has 48 continents, which are located in the north temperate zone; Two overseas continents, one is Alaska in the frigid zone and the other is Hawaii in the tropical zone. The United States is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Gulf of Mexico in the south, Canada in the north and Mexico in the south.

The population of America is over 300 million. It is an immigrant country, with white people, black people and yellow people. Chinese and overseas Chinese are concentrated in San Francisco, new york, Los Angeles and other cities. Native Americans are Indians.

3. The topography of the United States is columnar, and the Cordillera mountain system, which consists of many parallel mountains in the west, stretches in the west of North and South America and is the largest mountain system in the world. The Central Plains has a vast territory, accounting for more than half of the country's total area, and the cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land area. To the east is the Appalachian Mountains. The largest river in China is the Mississippi River, which is the fourth longest river in the world. The Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario) are the largest freshwater lakes in the world. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world. All the lakes are connected by waterways and flow into the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River.

The United States is a big agricultural country in the world, with mechanization and specialization in agricultural production, high efficiency and large output. Read p83 and Figure 9.9p85 to understand the distribution of agricultural belts in the United States.

6. The United States is the most industrialized country in the world. The main industrial zones are Northeast Industrial Zone, West Industrial Zone and South Industrial Zone. The United States is the world's high-tech industrial base, located in Silicon Valley at the southeast end of San Francisco. It is the earliest and largest high-tech industrial center in the United States. Read Figure 9. 12p86 to understand the distribution of major industrial areas and industrial cities in the United States.

7. The United States is the largest economic power in the world, and it is also a resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

Brazil in the second quarter

Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America. Read Figure 9. 18p90 to understand the latitude and longitude position, topography and rivers of Brazil. The largest river in the world is the Amazon River, the largest plain is the Amazon Plain, the largest plateau is the Brazilian Plateau, and the country with the largest tropical area in the world is Brazil.

3. Brazil's iron ore production and export are among the highest in the world, mainly distributed in the southeast, and Itabira open-pit iron mine is the largest iron mine in Brazil; Yitaipu Hydropower Station is located on the parana river, jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay, and is the second largest hydropower station after the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.

5. Agriculture is an important basic industry of Brazil's national economy. The output of tropical cash crops such as coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world, and the whole world hopes that Brazil will protect the Amazon rainforest. 6. Brazilian cities are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas, with Brasilia as the capital. Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil and one of the world's megacities. Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro in the coastal area to Brasilia in the central plateau, considering not only strengthening the development and management of the mainland, but also reducing the size of the city to avoid urban environmental problems.

Figures 10. 1, 10.2p 100,1kloc-0/Antarctic region.

Latitude: south of Antarctic Circle (66.5 south latitude) and north of Arctic Circle (66.5 north latitude).

Between the land and the sea is the Antarctic continent, surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and surrounded by the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Europe and North America.

It is characterized by the coldest area on earth, with less precipitation and strong wind. It is known as "Snow Plateau", "White Desert" and "Wind Bank". Icebergs are a striking natural landscape near the Antarctic continent. It is warmer and wetter than Antarctica, but most areas are also frozen all year round. The precipitation is generally higher than that of the South Pole, and the wind is much smaller than that of the South Pole.

Rich in natural resources, mineral resources, a large number of solid fresh water resources, countless marine life along the coast, and primitive natural environment are the most extensive natural laboratories. Oil, natural gas, coal and iron also play an important role in scientific research and investigation.

Great Wall Station, Zhongshan Station and Kunlun Station (18 countries 140)

The most in the world

The largest island-the largest peninsula in Greenland-the largest plain in the Arabian Peninsula-the highest plateau in the Amazon Plain-the largest plateau in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-the largest desert in Brazil-the longest mountain range in the Sahara Desert-the Cordillera Mountains-the largest freshwater lake in the Danube (9 countries)-the largest saltwater lake in Lake Superior-Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the Caspian Sea.