What should the lunar base look like?

Designing a living cabin for astronauts to live and work indoors on the moon is completely different from designing a house on the earth. The design on the moon is influenced by many factors, including the number of astronauts, the nature and tasks of the base, the stay time of astronauts, the lunar environment, the layout and location of the base, and so on. The number of astronauts should be considered in the design of living quarters. The number of astronauts determines the size of the living area. Six people live different lives from 10 people, and 10 people live different lives from 20 people. At the beginning of the lunar base, there will not be too many people, so the living area is relatively small. With the continuous development and expansion of the base, the number of astronauts is also increasing, and the living area will become larger and larger. Residence time is also an important factor. Astronauts stay for a few days or weeks is a short stay, so the design of living quarters is relatively simple. If you stay for a few months or years, it is a medium-term or long-term stay. In this case, the design of the living area is more complicated.

The environment is definitely different from the earth's environment, and the living area must first ensure the safety of astronauts. There is a vacuum environment on the surface of the moon, with a lot of dust and strong cosmic radiation. When designing the living quarters, ensure their air tightness and avoid air leakage. If the air tightness is not good, the engine room will quickly decompress, with serious consequences. There is a lot of dust on the surface of the moon, which will have adverse effects on human body and equipment. Effective measures should be taken to prevent sand from entering the cabin. The most difficult thing is radiation protection. On the earth, people are generally not exposed to cosmic rays because of the protection of the atmosphere and geomagnetic field. However, there is no atmosphere and geomagnetic field on the surface of the moon, so astronauts are vulnerable to cosmic rays when they are active on the surface of the moon. Cosmic rays on the moon are mainly solar cosmic rays, galactic cosmic rays and solar wind. The main way to prevent cosmic rays is to use various radiation shields. Caves are natural radiation barriers. If the living area is built in a cave, it is an effective measure and method to prevent cosmic rays. The layout of the base mainly refers to whether the base is built on or under the moon. If it is built on the surface of the moon, the top of the living cabin must be covered with thick lunar soil and rocks to prevent cosmic rays; If it is built under the moon, including caves and tunnels under the moon, the design of living quarters can be simplified due to natural anti-cosmic rays. The location of the base is also an influencing factor, and the design of the living quarters in the polar regions of the moon is very different from that near the equator of the moon. The structural materials and construction methods of living quarters directly affect the design of living quarters, so when designing living quarters, we must first determine what structural materials and construction methods to adopt. The structural materials and construction methods of lunar habitats mainly include the following: prefabricated modules: pre-made habitats on the earth and launched to the surface of the moon; Inflatable structure: the living quarters formed by inflation can be completely inflated or partially inflated. Precast frame structure: usually some prefabricated metal pipes and joints are connected to form the frame structure of living quarters; Tent structure: that is, the top of the living cabin is tent-shaped, which is characterized by convenient construction; Dig a tunnel to build a living room, dig a tunnel on the surface of the moon, and build a living room in the tunnel. This method can be used when there is no hole under the moon. Living area in the crater: The living area is built in the crater of the moon, especially suitable for the base in the polar region of the moon; Living quarters in caves: Moon caves are the result of volcanic activities, and building living quarters in caves can effectively prevent the harm of cosmic radiation; Living quarters built with concrete: concrete is made of moon rocks, and the biggest advantage of building living quarters with concrete is its durability; Basalt living area: processing lunar basalt into various building materials, and using this building material to build living areas; Living quarters made of glass fiber reinforced composite material: this glass fiber reinforced composite material is produced by the moon factory; Metal living area: extract metals such as aluminum, iron and titanium from lunar minerals, then make them into building materials and then use them to build living areas.

This base consists of six living quarters. The living area is cylindrical, with a length of10m and a diameter of 4.5m.. Two living quarters are connected back and forth to form a group, and * * * forms three groups, which are arranged in a row and placed on the moon surface with the help of brackets in the cabins. The top of the cabin is covered with a thick layer of lunar soil to prevent cosmic rays. Because the covering layer is heavy, it can't be directly pressed on the top of the living area. It is necessary to build a huge canopy above the living area with metal pillars, brackets and beams to support the weight of the covering layer. Because the base is mainly engaged in scientific research, * * * has six astronauts. One of these three groups of living quarters is used for astronauts' daily life, one is used as a lunar laboratory, and the other is used for logistics support. This kind of living cabin is pre-made on the earth, transported to earth orbit by the space shuttle, and then transported to the surface of the moon by a large cargo ship. Later, some people improved this design scheme, mainly changing the cover and ceiling into concrete, which is made of rocks on the moon, and changing the large cylindrical metal living quarters into inflatable structures. The size and shape of the living quarters depend on the space left under the concrete structure. The main purpose of this improvement is to build the lunar base into a permanent residence for astronauts, and at the same time, the transportation problem in the living area is greatly simplified and the transportation cost is greatly reduced. Living quarters of lunar base:

Inflatable large spherical living quarters;

The living area of the base is a big sphere with a diameter of16m, which can be used by 12 astronauts to live and work in. The total volume of the cabin is 265,438+045 cubic meters, and the usable area is 742 square meters. The whole living cabin is an inflatable structure.

The bulkhead is divided into two layers: the inner layer is a multilayer airtight airbag structure, and the airbag can be inflated; The outer layer is a high-strength material coated with a heat-resistant coating. The outer layer is covered with lunar soil with a thickness of 1 m as a radiation shielding layer. The whole bulkhead structure and radiation shielding layer are supported by six central metal columns and six peripheral metal ribs.

The living area is divided into five floors from bottom to top: the first floor, part of which is equipped with environmental control and life support system, and part of which is used as storage room of the base; The second floor is the base experimental area; The third floor is the base control area, which is connected with the airlock. The fourth floor is the astronaut work area; The fifth floor is the top floor, which is the living area for astronauts. There is also a cargo entry and exit station outside the living area, which is connected with the living area through a pressurized pipeline and is the passage for instruments and equipment to enter and exit the living area.

The cylindrical living cabin is 8m in diameter and 44m in length, with an internal space of 2 145 m3 and a usable area of 547m2, and can accommodate 12 astronauts to live and work in it. The supporting structure consists of an inner floor, an arched bracket and an outer structure.

As the name implies, the supporting structure supports the internal equipment, furniture and astronauts of the inflatable living cabin, and can also play a protective role in the case of pressure loss. The bulkhead of the living cabin is also made of multilayer airtight airbags and high-strength materials coated with heat-resistant coatings.

There are 12 astronauts in the permanent moon base, including landing and take-off equipment of spacecraft, solar power station, lunar mining equipment, astronaut living quarters and laboratories, nuclear power station and lunar observatory. Astronauts' living quarters and laboratories are a five-story complex, of which the first floor is on the surface of the moon and the other four floors are below the surface of the moon. The first floor is the equipment floor of astronauts' extravehicular activities, which consists of two parts, including the maintenance, maintenance and storage equipment of airlock and lunar suit. The top of this layer is covered with radiation-proof lunar soil. The second floor is not a building structure, but an axial passage. The first floor is connected with the shaft, and the third floor is connected with the shaft. The elevator is installed in the shaft for astronauts to use when entering and leaving each floor. The third and fourth floors are installed in the cave of the moon, and the two floors are closely connected, which are the living quarters and laboratories of astronauts. These two layers are inflatable structures at first, solidified after molding, and finally become permanent structures. The fifth floor is the lowest floor, also in the cave, which is mainly used to install equipment such as environmental control and life support system of the base. Lunar nuclear power plant:

In some places on the moon, the night can last for 334 hours, and the south pole of the moon is even longer, where the sun never rises. The lunar nuclear fission power station system will provide reliable power supply for these lunar areas without using solar energy. This lunar nuclear power plant system will be realized on the general law of nuclear fission, but it must be improved in several aspects to adapt to the space environment. This system will split uranium atoms in the reactor to generate heat, and then use this heat to generate electricity. Lunar base mining area:/liqian 2003520/pic/item/cccd551fe898fce0fe8b.jpg Introduction: Lunar base-living area1July 20, 969, which is a day worth remembering forever. On this day, the American "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft carried astronauts to the moon of human dreams for the first time. Astronaut neil armstrong printed the first human footprint on the moon and said meaningfully: "For a person, this is a small step; But for humans, this is a big step. " Indeed, the pioneering work of American astronauts landing on the moon has turned a new page for human exploration of the fascinating moon. Since then, scientists all over the world have been actively studying the future life on the moon. After the earth people landed on the moon, they must first open up a living base. Space development experts estimate that the initial base will appear in the early 20th century. Its diameter is 6 meters and its length is 15 meters, which can accommodate 6-8 people. In the future, the lunar base will be expanded to accommodate 8-32 people; With the increase of the number of people landing on the moon, the lunar base will be further expanded to accommodate 125 people. The first people who landed on the moon are going to build a bigger living base on the moon. When the number of people who moved to the moon reached hundreds, an industrial production system was gradually formed. How to build a living base on the moon? Japanese scientists put forward two construction schemes. One is the "bird's nest method", that is, digging a ditch about 5 meters on the surface of the moon and putting a cylindrical electric heater with a diameter of 3 meters in it. Cover the trench with sand about 2 meters thick. When sand is heated to about 1200 degrees Celsius, it will melt and become a glass-like liquid. After cooling, this glass liquid will form a shell several centimeters thick, covering the groove. Under the trench, it can be supplied to the earth immigrants. With the expansion of living base on the moon and the increase of earth immigrants, a "moon city" will eventually be built. Japan's Dalin Construction Company designed a plan to build a city on the moon. It is a cosmic residence built by using many huge craters distributed on the surface of the moon. They are like little golden balls, surrounded by the spiral building of a huge hotel that extends forward, and can accommodate about 654.38 million people to live comfortably in it. Moon City will be divided into living area, industrial area and agricultural area. There are mountains, rivers, forests and other different environments on the earth, and there will be all kinds of creatures on them, which will make the Guanghan Palace full of vitality. Strangely, the moon city rotates once every one or two minutes, which makes the living area produce the same gravity as the earth. In this way, everything in it will be the same as on earth. According to scientists' prediction, this charming moon city is expected to be completed in 2050. From the ideas and functions of scientists, we can find how attractive life on the moon is in the future! Several reasons for developing the moon in the lunar base-mining area (1) A lot of research shows that the moon is rich in mineral resources. Although the moon has a bad environment, it also has unique advantages: the gravity is very small, and the cost of building a launch site there to launch loads into space is very low; Without the atmosphere, you can see farther and clearer by building an observatory there; Building solar power stations there is very efficient; There are rich mineral resources on the moon, which can benefit mankind ... In short, the moon is of great development value (2) ice was discovered on the moon for the first time. This is of great significance to the establishment of the lunar base. 199865438+1On October 6th, the United States launched the "Lunar Explorer" probe. When NASA announced the detection results, it said that there is a lot of ice on the surface of the moon, and the storage capacity may be as high as 6 billion tons. There are even ice lakes in the polar regions. The reliability of this detection result is very high, which excites scientists. (3) There are some areas in the south pole of the moon that are close to the permanent exposure of the sun. The edge of shackleton Crater is a particularly interesting area because it spends 80% of its time in the sun. There are two other areas only 10 km away from this area, and 98% of the total time of * * * is in the sun. Not far from here, there are some permanent shadow areas inside the crater, and the ice stored there will not melt because it is not irradiated by the sun. (4) This is an ideal area for establishing the first lunar base. Solar panels that generate electricity can be placed in sunny places and connected to them by microwaves or cables. In this way, the area around the crater in shackleton can get almost continuous solar energy supply, and it is easy to get the ice resources stored by the moon. The north pole of the moon is flatter than the south pole, but it is estimated that it is in a permanent shadow area with an area of1.3000 square kilometers. Mining area plan 1. The researchers used the ultra-thin lunar soil as the research sample and used scanning electron microscope and spectrometer to analyze and study. This analysis method can distinguish size. 2. Lunar soil metal particles in the range of100 nm. It is found that the lunar soil contains iron, silver, gold, lead, molybdenum and irregular gold, zinc and copper particles, as well as antimony particles and rhenium particles containing tin and copper. Iron is the most abundant element in lunar soil, and the particle size of rhenium reaches 10 micron. Scientists also found that molybdenum is inherent on the moon, not a space device from the earth as previously thought. In addition, the researchers found a cadmium sulfide ore composed of cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese and sulfur in lunar soil for the first time, and also found gold sulfide containing copper and rhodium iodide that is not found on earth. But researchers found neither platinum nor palladium in lunar soil. The researchers analyzed the formation process of the discovered metal elements, and thought that the particles containing gold, zinc and copper may have been produced in the early stage of the formation of basalt magma on the moon, and then were brought out to the surface of the moon under volcanic eruption. Silver, gold, lead, tin and antimony are also the results of volcanic activity; Rhenium exists in lunar soil, not from meteorites as previously thought; Sulfur cadmium ore and molybdenum may be formed by gas phase in fractured rocks at low temperature. 3. China's lunar satellite will be equipped with imaging spectrometers and other instruments to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface and make high-precision, large-scale and three-dimensional maps of the moon. The United States has explored five kinds of resources such as uranium and potassium on the moon, and China will explore the detailed distribution of 14 kinds of resources on the moon. The wonderful thing about China's lunar exploration program is that the lunar probe made a soft landing on the moon and sent a lunar rover to inspect it. The exploration site will be delineated according to the accurate "map" returned by the first phase of the lunar satellite, and the fine detection objects will be the soil, rocks and environment in the landing area, which will lay a good foundation for the construction of the moon-based observatory and further research on the moon. China's lunar satellite will be equipped with imaging spectrometers and other instruments to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface and make high-precision, large-scale and three-dimensional maps of the moon. The United States has explored five kinds of resources such as uranium and potassium on the moon, and China will explore the detailed distribution of 14 kinds of resources on the moon. The lunar base-scientific research area is planned as 1, focusing on the analysis of the three-dimensional image of the moon, the global content and distribution characteristics of useful elements and material types of the moon, the detection of lunar soil thickness and the detection of the space environment of the earth and the moon. The core of the project is to realize from the earth to the moon. Make full use of China's existing mature space technology, develop and launch a lunar exploration satellite, break through technologies such as earth-moon flight, long-distance measurement and control and communication, flight around the moon, lunar telemetry and analysis, and establish a preliminary system of China's space exploration project. 2. Establishment of natural laboratory and special material production base Because of the special geographical structure and unique natural environment of the moon, many research and experiments that cannot be carried out on the earth can be successfully completed, which will play an unexpected role in promoting medical research and plant cultivation. 3. The ideal observation and monitoring station in the sky The moon has no atmosphere (or is extremely thin), and its temperature is low and stable at night, which is very conducive to improving and expanding the accuracy and scope of astronomical observation. Due to the structural characteristics of the stability of the moon and the fact that the rotation of the moon is the same as that of period of revolution, 14 earth days can be continuously observed on the surface of the moon at night. Therefore, establishing an observation network on the surface of the moon can not only carry out all-round and continuous astronomical observation, but also monitor and study the geological structure and environmental changes of the earth, especially the possible threat to the earth caused by small celestial bodies in near-earth space or even deep space. Once small celestial bodies (such as meteorites and comets). ) is found to be moving in the direction of the earth and may hit the earth, so it can be destroyed or changed in its running direction by laser or other weapons in time, thus playing a role in protecting mankind. In the future, a scientific research base will be established on the moon to help people better understand the origin and evolution of the moon, the earth and the solar system by conducting research in astronomy, space science, earth science, life science and materials science. 4. Look for clues about the formation, development and evolution of planets and information about the early history of the earth on the moon. The moon is still a natural space station. Recently, people have become more and more interested in studying the moon. NASA has made a plan to explore the moon with robots, and related projects are expected to be implemented in 2009. In addition to scientific research and commercial use, the lunar exploration program also has military uses. Several defense units in the United States, such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Naval Research Laboratory, are developing new technologies for lunar exploration, and the Ministry of National Defense is also developing related technologies for analyzing the moon using micro military satellites. Brigadier General Simon Walden, the head of the US Space Command in charge of space operations, said that the US military will launch several small military satellites to the moon in the next few years. NASA's lunar exploration department also said that it will use the existing capabilities and technologies to establish a rendezvous point called L 1 between the moon and the earth. The gravity of the moon and the earth at this intersection point can be balanced, which is beneficial for the space station to orbit the earth. Establish contact with the moon. The research on the lunar base-solar power station shows that in about 50 years, the traditional energy sources widely used by mankind-coal, oil and natural gas will face a serious shortage. The severe energy crisis forces people to look to the vast universe, and the moon is the first choice for people to find energy outside the earth. The energy crisis is difficult to solve. At present, scientists are trying to find a solution to the energy crisis, and the moon, with its unique environmental characteristics and huge energy storage, naturally becomes the first choice for human beings to find extraterrestrial energy. Scientists have always pinned their hopes on solar energy and nuclear reactors (including nuclear fission power generation and nuclear fusion power generation). However, due to the dense atmosphere of the earth, there are many unstable factors in using solar energy on the earth; The method of obtaining electricity by nuclear fission reaction often produces a large amount of radioactive waste, which is easy to cause serious environmental pollution. However, the method of generating energy by using deuterium-tritium thermonuclear fusion reactor, which is accelerating at present, also has radioactive problems because of the formation of powerful neutron radiation. Building a solar power plant on the moon because there is almost no atmosphere on the surface of the moon, so solar radiation can come in directly. The calculation shows that the solar radiation energy reaching the moon every year is about 1.2 trillion kilowatts, which is equivalent to 25,000 times of the total energy consumed by various energy sources on the earth in one year. According to the solar energy density of 1.353 kW/m2, assuming that the solar power generation device with the current photoelectric conversion rate of 20% is used on the moon, the solar cell can generate 2.7 kWh per square meter per hour, and if the battery with 1 1,000m2 is used, it can generate 2700kWh per hour. Because the moon's rotation period is exactly equal to the time it takes to revolve around the earth once, the moon's daytime is 14 and a half days, and its nighttime is 14 and a half days, and one day is equivalent to the length of the earth for one month, so it can get more solar energy. Scientists believe that if a global parallel solar power station is established on the surface of the moon, extremely abundant and stable solar energy can be obtained, which not only solves the energy supply problem of the future lunar base, but also can transmit solar energy through microwaves with the development and perfection of human space conversion device technology and ground receiving technology, thus providing the earth with endless energy. The lunar soil is rich in helium -3. The practical way to solve the energy problem in the future is to build and use a thermonuclear reactor with helium -3 isotope (3He), which has no neutron radiation and will not cause environmental harm. Unfortunately, the reserves of 3He on the earth are extremely limited. The theoretical total content of natural gas on the earth is only 10- 15 tons, while the lunar soil is rich in 3He. Except for a few very steep impact craters and cliffs with exposed rocks, the whole surface of the moon is covered with lunar soil, with an average thickness of about 5 meters in the sea area and 10 meter in the land area. These soils are exposed to the sun for a long time and are rich in volatile chemical elements and isotopes directly injected by solar wind particles, and there are a lot of 3He in these rare gases. It is estimated that the total amount of 3He resources in lunar soil can reach1-5 million tons. 3He is a clean, safe and efficient fuel for nuclear fusion power generation. According to experts' calculations, if D-3He (deuterium and 3He react to generate electricity) is used for nuclear fusion power generation, the total annual power generation in the United States only needs to consume 25 tons of 3He; China's annual total power generation 1992 is only 8 tons of 3He, and the world's annual output 100 tons of 3He is enough. Based on the current global electricity price and space transportation cost, the value of 1 ton 3He is about US$ 4 billion, and with the development of space technology, the space transportation cost will definitely drop greatly. Recently, French scientists announced that nuclear fusion power generation using 3He will be commercialized in 2030. In this way, the development and utilization of 3He in lunar soil will be one of the most potential ways to solve the human energy crisis.