How to answer the big question of geography

Physical geography part

☆ How to describe terrain features:

1. Topographic type: plain, mountain, hill, plateau, basin, etc.

2. Terrain ups and downs

3. Main terrain distribution (under various terrain conditions)

4. Important terrain contour features (in contour)

☆ Factors affecting temperature:

1. Latitude (decisive factor): It affects solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, and it is lower in annual range (the temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are lower than those in high latitudes).

2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, river valleys and basins at different altitudes (for example, the topographic heat in river valley basins is not easy to dissipate, and the tall terrain blocks the winter wind, and the daily amplitude of mountain areas at the same latitude is worse than that in the plains, and the annual amplitude is smaller).

3. Location of land and sea: the annual variation range of temperature caused by ocean intensity.

4. Ocean current: warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification

5. Weather conditions: The temperature changes daily in cloudy and rainy places, and the annual temperature changes less than that in cloudy and rainy places.

6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The daily temperature and annual range of green land are less than that of bare land.

7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc

☆ Factors affecting precipitation:

1. climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon)

2. Terrain: windward slope and leeward slope

3. Terrain (elevation): The precipitation reaches its maximum at a certain height.

4. Land and sea location: distance from the sea

5. Ocean current: warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification

6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers and vegetation cover.

7. Human activities: changing the underlying surface affects precipitation.

Describe the hydrological characteristics of rivers:

1. Flow: size, seasonal change and interruption (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply and river area).

2. Sediment concentration: It depends on the vegetation status of the basin.

3. Ice Age: Availability and Length.

4. Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake water storage)

5. Water energy: It is related to topography (river drop and flow rate) and climate (precipitation, runoff and evaporation).

☆ Describe the characteristics of water system:

1. Length

2. Flow direction

3. The size of the basin

4. Droplet size (water energy)

5. River straightness

6. How many tributaries are there

7. The arrangement shape of river tributaries: fan-shaped, dendritic, etc.

☆ Factors affecting solar radiation:

1. Latitude: determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of a day;

2. Altitude: high altitude, thin air and strong solar radiation (such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China).

3. Weather conditions: sunny and sufficient solar radiation (such as northwest China).

4. Air density

☆ Factors affecting the height of snow line:

1. Precipitation: local climate characteristics; There is more precipitation on the windward slope and the snow line is lower (for example, the snow line on the southern slope of the Himalayas is lower than that on the northern slope).

2. Temperature: the snow line on sunny slope is higher than that on shady slope; Temperature changes at different latitudes, isotherms at 0℃ above sea level.

☆ Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas:

1 latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum.

2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountain, the more complex the band spectrum may be.

3. Heat (i.e. sunny slope and shady slope): affects the height of the same band spectrum.

Social human geography part

☆ Analysis of agricultural location factors;

"natural factors"

1. Land: topography and soil.

2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night.

3. Water source (irrigation water source)

"socio-economic factors"

1. Market

Step 2 transport

3. National policies

4. Labor force

5. Science and technology: development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products.

6. Industrial base

☆ Analysis of industrial location factors;

1. Geographical location

2. Resource factors: raw materials and fuel.

3. Agricultural factors

4. Traffic factors (including traffic convenience and accessibility of information network): it is convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information.

5. Market factors

6. Scientific and technological factors

7. Labor factor: labor price and quality.

8. Historical factors

9. Policy factors: national and regional policy support.

10*. Military factors: national defense security needs.

1 1*. Personal factors: personal preference (for example, returned overseas Chinese invest to set up factories).

☆ Analysis of urban location factors;

"natural factors"

1. Terrain: A. Flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, favorable for transportation, saving construction investment and concentrated population; B. tropical cities are distributed on the plateau;

C. the mountain city is located in river valleys and open lowlands.

2. Climate: the middle and low latitudes are warm and the coastal areas are humid.

3. Rivers: affecting local water supply and transportation.

4. Resource conditions (representative cities: Datong, Daqing, Anshan, Karamay, Birmingham, South Africa, Chicago, Johannesburg)

"socio-economic factors"

1. Traffic conditions (representative cities: Zhuzhou, Shijiazhuang, Tsukuba, Japan)

2. Political factors (representative cities: Hefei, Washington, USA, Brasilia, Brazil)

3. Military factors (representative city: Boston, USA)

4. Religious factors (representative city: Jerusalem)

5. Scientific and technological factors (representative city: Tsukuba, Japan)

6. Tourism factors (representative cities: Huangshan and Tai 'an)

☆ Route selection principle of traffic lines:

"Natural aspects"

1. Terrain: a. Flat: less selection restrictions;

B. Great fluctuation: if it is necessary to cut a mountain and build a bridge, the project will be difficult; If you extend along the contour line, the mileage will be extended;

C. Fast-flowing rivers: unfavorable to shipping.

2. Geology: a. Karst landform: collapse prevention and leakage prevention;

B. geological instability: reinforce the foundation and avoid faults.

3. Climate: a. Roads and railways: prevention of rainstorm, flood, frozen soil and debris flow;

B. Water transport and aviation: against heavy fog and strong wind

4. Land: Less arable land, especially fertile land.

"Socio-economic aspects"

1. population: pass through residential areas, railway stations and docks as much as possible to benefit more people. (Applicable to: local roads)

2. Mileage and operating time: try to build bridges and tunnels and shorten the mileage to save operating time; Take proper care of important economic points along the way. (Applicable to: National Highway)

3. Others: Try to stay away from important cultural relics and pay attention to ecological environment protection.

☆ Comprehensive analysis of the influence of geographical environment on regional development;

"geographical location"

1. Latitude and longitude position

2. Relative position

"natural conditions"

1. Agricultural conditions: a. Topography (type, land type characteristics; Soil)

B. climate (type, hydrothermal conditions, light, heat, etc. )

C. Water resources (average annual runoff, rivers and lakes)

D biological resources (such as biological and crop characteristics related to climate type characteristics)

2. Industrial conditions: mineral resources (such as sea salt and energy). )

"socio-economic situation"

1. population (including labor quality and quality)

Step 2 transport

3. Market

4. Technology

5. History: including: industrial and agricultural foundation.

6. National policies

Part two? Application case template

Site selection problem

☆ Factors affecting reservoir dam site selection:

1. The dam site is located at the outlet of rivers, canyons or basins and depressions. Bag-shaped areas are conducive to dam building. Small engineering quantity, low construction cost and large reservoir capacity.

2. Choose places with good geological conditions and avoid karst landforms and faults.

3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water.

4. Consider whether it is necessary to emigrate to build reservoirs and relocate to minimize the flooding of residential areas.

Location conditions of port construction:

"Natural conditions (determining the port location)"

1. Water condition: the harbor is wide and deep (the contour line is dense, which is beneficial to berthing and sheltering from the wind).

2. Port construction conditions: The plot is stable in geology, flat in terrain and suitable in slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land and port equipment).

"Socio-economic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of ports)"

1. Conditions of economic hinterland: whether the economic hinterland is vast (affecting passenger and cargo flow); The size of passenger and cargo flow (affecting the rise and fall of the port); The economic nature of hinterland (determines the nature of port)

2. Urban facilities: convenient transportation; Provide manpower, material resources and financial support for the port

3. Policy conditions: building a free trade port in an open area.

☆ Location factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets:

1. Convenient traffic conditions: establishment principle: optimal traffic (ring road or city edge, along expressway).

2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity sources.

3. Broad market or economic hinterland: establishment principle: market is optimal.

☆ Location conditions for the formation of saltworks:

1. Climate: high temperature, less precipitation, strong wind and strong sunshine: favorable for evaporation.

2. Terrain: The beach is flat, the coast is muddy and the area is vast.

☆ Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:

1. Terrain: vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis and rich bait).

2. Temperate sea area: the temperature changes greatly and the sea water overflows.

3. Estuary: Rivers bring rich nutrients.

4. Ocean current: (confluent current or upwelling) seawater overflows, bringing nutrients and rich bait to the seabed.

☆ Location conditions of satellite launch base:

"natural conditions"

1. Meteorological conditions: sunny weather is required.

Latitude: the linear velocity of the earth's rotation.

3. Terrain: flat and open.

"humanistic conditions"

1. population: the population density per unit area is low, and the land is vast and sparsely populated.

2. Transportation: Convenient transportation

3. Military: meeting the needs of national defense and security.

☆ Location conditions of bus stop location:

1. Road condition: the surrounding roads are wide.

2. Contact with traffic inside and outside the city

3. Engineering quantity

☆ Location conditions of the airport:

"natural conditions"

1. Terrain: there is flat and open terrain with proper slope to ensure drainage;

2. Geology: Good geological conditions.

3. Climate: less fog.

"socio-economic situation"

1. Traffic conditions: convenient to the city.

2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas.

Cause analysis problem

☆ Causes of river flood disaster:

"natural causes"

1. Water system characteristics: a. The river basin is wide and there are many tributaries;

B. high sediment concentration;

C. The plain river course is curved, with slow water flow and poor water flow.

2. Hydrological characteristics: a. It flows through humid areas with abundant rainfall;

B. the main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water.

3. Climatic characteristics: the climate was abnormal in that year, and heavy rain fell in the basin, causing floods.

"Man-made reasons"

1. Vegetation damage: a. Excessive logging, serious vegetation damage and increased soil erosion, resulting in a decline in the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak clipping and drought compensation in the basin;

B. Sediments entering the river raise the riverbed and reduce the flood discharge capacity of the river.

2. Reclamation around the lake: siltation causes the lake to shrink, and the ability of the lake to regulate and store flood peaks decreases.

☆ Cause analysis of water shortage in a certain area;

"natural causes"

1. Climate: little or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation and uneven seasonal distribution.

2. Rivers: Less surface runoff.

"Man-made reasons"

1. Large water consumption: dense population, developed industry and agriculture.

2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate and serious pollution and waste.

Meaning influence class problem

☆ The significance of tourism to regional development;

1. Stimulate economic development: A. Developing international tourism can increase the country's foreign exchange income.

B developing domestic tourism is an important way to withdraw funds and stabilize the market.

C promote the development of related industries (such as transportation, commercial services, construction, posts and telecommunications, finance, real estate, foreign trade, textiles, tourist souvenirs and other industries).

D promote the development of regional economy (but excessive dependence on tourism will bring instability to the national economy)

2. The impact of tourism on society: a+. Promote the improvement of national quality and quality of life.

(promoting social development as a whole)? B+。 Provide a large number of employment opportunities

The influx of tourists has brought inconvenience to the work and life of local residents.

3. The influence of tourism on culture: a+. Promote cultural exchange (1) and refine the essence of national culture to enrich it.

(Promote cultural prosperity as a whole) Features and attraction 2 Promote the integration of national culture and foreign culture)

B-the development of some tourism projects has largely lost its traditional cultural value)

4. Affect the regional environment: a+. Tourism can promote environmental protection (promote the restoration of historical sites, ancient buildings and memorial halls)

Complex)

B- The relationship between tourism and the environment is not handled properly, and too many tourists cause confusion and pollution in the tourism environment, which reduces the quality of tourism.

☆ The positive significance of traffic line construction;

1. Transportation: The local transportation network is perfect and the transportation is convenient.

2. Economy: It has accelerated the circulation of materials and promoted the local economic development.

3. Politics: Consolidate national defense, maintain stability and promote regional prosperity.

Value action problem

☆ Evaluate the shipping value of rivers;

"natural conditions"

1. Terrain: flat, flowing through the plain, with gentle water flow.

2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation and short ice age.

3. River course: wide and straight, with deep water.

"socio-economic situation"

The river basin has a large population, developed economy, dense contact and large transportation volume.

☆ Function of reservoir:

1. Regulate climate and improve ecological environment

2. Conducive to the development of aquaculture.

3. Conducive to the development of tourism.

It has the function of flood control.

5. It has power generation value.

6. It has irrigation function.

7. Improve the transport value

☆ The role of forest in nature:

1. Adjust the climate?

Breeding species and maintaining biodiversity?

3 soil and water conservation

4. Wind prevention and sand fixation

Please?Save?Water

6. Purify the air and beautify the environment

7. Stabilize the atmospheric composition

8. Smoking and dust removal?

Problems of methods and measures

☆ Principles and measures of river regulation:

Governance principle ※

Upstream: flood regulation

Middle reaches: flood diversion and storage

Downstream: flood discharge and bundled water.

Governance measures ※

Upstream: build reservoirs and plant trees.

Middle reaches: construction of reservoirs and flood diversion and storage projects.

Downstream: reinforce dikes, dredge rivers and dig rivers.

☆ Solutions to water shortage:

1. Open source: transfer water across river basins, build reservoirs, desalinate seawater in coastal areas, and improve water supply capacity.

2. throttling: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve the utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water resources, limit the development of high-energy-consuming water industry, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), formulate laws and regulations, raise people's awareness of water conservation, and implement water price adjustment.

☆ Comprehensive economic improvement measures of industrial zone:

1. Adjust the industrial layout: develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform traditional industries, ensure the balanced development of all industries, and promote the diversification of economic structure.

2. Develop all kinds of resources rationally according to local conditions.

3. Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment; Do a good job in regional planning and strengthen ecological construction

4. Develop transportation and improve the transportation network.

5. Develop science and technology, improve production level and prosper economy.

☆ Direction of building a new socialist countryside:

1. Pay attention to ecological environment construction: increase greening efforts, return farmland to forests and grasslands in a planned way, and improve the ecological environment.

2. Control the population and improve the quality of the population

3. Adjust the rural industrial structure and develop a variety of rural economies (developing agricultural products processing industry, commodity agriculture, etc.). ), increase investment in science and technology and increase farmers' income.

Special tips

1. Pay attention to both positive and negative aspects when answering meaningful and influential questions.

2. When answering some conditional analysis questions, we should pay attention to the favorable and unfavorable conditions.

3. When answering geography comprehensive questions, we should pay attention to the order of answers: learn to answer by points; When answering the question of feature description, we should learn to describe features in stages.

4. When answering the geography comprehensive questions, we should pay attention to the logic of the answers: make clear the order of the answers; The answer is not contradictory.