The Historical Origin of Tingzhou Opera in Zhejiang Province

Before the Qing Dynasty, the land development in Zhejiang Province had reached a very high level, and there was no area vacated for the arrival of immigrants. According to the Qing people's point of view, the immigration movement in the early Qing dynasty was the product of the war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, mainly the "San Francisco rebellion." People in Kangxi pointed out: "Zhijiang (Mountain), Changshan (Mountain), Hua Kai (Culture), Wenyiyong (Jia), Rui 'an (An) and other five counties, Chu Zhiyun (Harmony), Longlong (Spring) and other seven counties were trapped for three years, and they were extremely prepared. For another example, although Xi' an battlements exist, the suburbs are either full of thieves or digging trenches, which is more equal to the affected cities ... Since I returned to Fujian, I saw that there was no one in the hundred miles, and there was no smoke in the ten miles. "After the war, Hakka immigrants began in this context.

The migration of Hakka immigrants may be related to the attraction of the local government. At that time, people said, "Jiayin died, Tian Wu was killed, and the flood in Bingyin destroyed the house again. People ... were recruited to exile and reclaim land. I haven't been cooked for a few years, and there are hemp everywhere. " Refers to the exile of Liu when he was the magistrate in the 27th year of Kangxi (1688). If only the local refugees are recruited, there will be no scene of "hemp indigo full of valleys". The immigrants who moved to the mountainous areas of Zhejiang in the early Qing Dynasty mainly came from Fujian and Jiangxi, and their main business was hemp indigo cultivation. According to this, it can be judged that the Fujian-Jiangxi immigrants who moved in the early Qing Dynasty were the products of Zhejiang local government.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, due to the long-term war, the population of Quzhou and Chuzhou in Zhejiang Province decreased greatly, so the local government went to Tingzhou, Fujian Province, which was sparsely populated, to open mountains and fill the sea in the mountainous areas of Zhejiang Province. During the Kanggan period, farmers in Tingzhou, Shanghang and Ninghua counties set off a wave of emigration to the mountainous areas of Zhejiang. In the forty-first year of Qianlong, there were about 330,000 Hakkas and their descendants in Tingzhou Mountain Area of Zhejiang Province. On the government side, Hakka immigrants account for about one-fifth of the local government population. In Yunhe, Suichang and other counties, their population even approaches or exceeds that of indigenous people.

Today, in Yunhe, Songyang, Suichang, Longquan, Liandu and other places in Lishui City, there are still many descendants of Tingzhou immigrants who speak Tingzhou dialect, retain Tingzhou customs and call themselves "Tingzhou people". According to the census data, there are tens of thousands of Tingzhou people in Guang Yun and counties with more than 30 surnames. Most of them live in the Jinshuitan reservoir area of Niutou Mountain, especially in the area near Zifangkeng on the north bank of Longquan River, while Dayuan Township is the "Tingzhou people" in the town.

Hakkas have a proverb: "It is better to sell one's ancestral fields than to lose one's ancestral words". The language of ancestors is that when they are far away from their homeland and have to struggle to survive in the "ruined land", they still hold the mentality that the temples and palaces have not changed and the urban community still exists, and stick to the spiritual pillar of a strong sense of cultural superiority and become an important link to maintain a group from generation to generation.

"I have been a guest in the state for three hundred years and have lived in a foreign country for a long time. After a long time, my hometown is my hometown, and my dream is just Tingzhou. "

Today, as an administrative unit that once governed eight counties, Fujian Tingzhou Prefecture has disappeared for nearly a hundred years. However, thousands of miles away in Chuzhou (Lishui), the descendants of these Hakkas, like the Qin people in Taohuayuan, "don't know whether there are Han people or Wei and Jin dynasties" and still stubbornly call themselves "Tingzhou people". There is a persistent force that makes these "Tingzhou people" cling to their long-forgotten identity after hundreds of years.