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United States Declaration of Independence

The second continental congress

The United States Declaration of Independence

The second continental congress

United States Declaration of Independence

1July 4, 776

The war between Britain and its American colonies began in April 1775. As the war continued, the hope of reconciliation gradually disappeared, and complete independence became the goal of the colony. 1776 On June 7th, at a meeting of the Continental Congress, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia put forward a motion, declaring: "These colonies are free and independent countries, and according to their rights, they must be free and independent countries. On June 10, the Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was in charge of the actual drafting. On July 4th, the Declaration of Independence was adopted and sent to the parliaments of 13 states for signature and approval.

The Declaration of Independence consists of three parts: the first part expounds the political philosophy-the philosophy of democracy and freedom, which is profound and touching; The second part lists some concrete examples of injustice to prove that George III destroyed American freedom. The third part solemnly declares independence and swears to support the declaration.

Continental Congress (1July 4, 776)

The Declaration of Independence unanimously adopted by thirteen American states.

In the development of human affairs, when a nation must break its political ties with another nation out of respect for human public opinion and accept its independent and equal status in all countries of the world according to the laws of nature and the will of God, it must announce the reasons why they must be independent.

We hold the following truth to be self-evident: all men are created equal, and the creator endowed them with certain inalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In order to protect these rights, human beings have established a government in it, and the legal power of the government is generated with the consent of the ruled. When any form of government is destructive to these goals, the people have the right to change or abolish it in order to establish a new government; The principles it is based on and the way it organizes power make people think that only in this way can their safety and happiness be the most possible. To be prudent, the government that has been established for many years should not be changed for secondary and short-term reasons. All past experience also shows that human beings would rather endure any suffering, as long as it is tolerable, and have no intention of abolishing the government to which they have long been accustomed for their own rights and interests. However, when a series of abuse of power and extortion in pursuit of the same goal prove that the government is trying to put the people under autocratic rule, then the people have the right and obligation to overthrow the government and establish new guarantees for their future security-this is the situation that these colonies resigned in the past, and this is why they have to change the previous government system now. The history of the king of Great Britain today is a continuous history of injustice and usurpation. The sole purpose of these atrocities is to establish tyranny in these countries. In order to prove the truth, announce the following facts to the just world-

He refused to approve the laws that were most beneficial and necessary for the public interest.

He prohibited his governor from approving urgent and extremely necessary laws, or put them on hold for the time being, waiting for his consent; And once these laws were shelved, he completely ignored them.

He refused to approve other laws that are convenient for people in vast areas unless those people are willing to give up their representation in the legislature; But this right is of inestimable value to them, and only tyrants fear this right.

He called state legislatures to an unusual and inconvenient place far from their archives for the sole purpose of exhausting them and having to obey his will.

He dissolved the state legislature many times because they opposed his violation of people's rights with fearless perseverance.

After the dissolution of the state legislature, he refused to elect a new parliament for a long time; However, legislative power cannot be abolished, so this power is still exercised by ordinary people. In fact, these countries are still in a dangerous situation, suffering from foreign aggression and worrying about civil strife.

He tried his best to curb the growth of American population; To this end, he blocked the adoption of the naturalization law for foreigners, refused to approve other laws encouraging foreigners to emigrate to the United States, and improved the conditions for allocating new land.

He refused to approve the law establishing judicial power, which hindered the implementation of judicial work.

He put the tenure, salary and remuneration of judges under his will.

He set up a new government office, sent a large number of officials, harassed our people and exhausted the people's necessary living materials.

He maintained a standing army among us in peacetime without the consent of our legislature.

He tried to make the army independent of civil affairs.

He colluded with some people and put us under a jurisdiction that is not suitable for our system and is not recognized by our laws; He also approved all kinds of fake bills concocted by those people to achieve the following purposes:

A large number of armed forces are stationed among us;

Cover them up with false trials, so that they can kill the residents of our States and still get away with it;

Cut off our trade with the rest of the world;

Tax us without our consent;

In many cases, we are deprived of the rights and interests of the jury system;

Luo Zhi accused us of escorting us overseas for trial;

Abolish the British liberal legal system in a neighboring province, establish an authoritarian government there, and expand the border of the province in an attempt to turn the province into both a model and a handy tool, thus further extending the same totalitarian rule to the colonies here;

Cancel our charter, abolish our most precious laws, and fundamentally change the form of our state governments;

Suspend our own legislature from exercising its power and claim that they have the right to make laws for us on all issues.

He announced that we were no longer under his protection and fought with us, thus giving up the government affairs here.

He plundered our waters, ravaged our coastal areas, burned down our towns and ruined the lives of our people.

At this time, he was transporting a large number of foreign mercenaries to complete the slaughter, destruction and rampant activities. This kind of activity has already begun, and its cruelty and meanness are hard to find a precedent even in the most barbaric times. He is totally unworthy of being the head of a civilized country.

He captured our compatriots on the high seas, forced them to take up arms against their country, became executioners to kill their relatives and friends, or died at their hands.

He incited civil strife among us and tried his best to provoke those ruthless and uncivilized Indians to slaughter and plunder the residents of our frontier; As we all know, the Indian's fighting principle is that all men, women and children will be killed.

At every stage of these oppression, we demand improvement with the most humble words; However, repeated requests get repeated injuries. When a monarch's character is branded as a tyrant, he is not worthy to be the ruler of a free nation.

It's not that we don't care about our brothers in England. We often remind them that their legislature is trying to impose unreasonable jurisdiction on us. We also told them that we immigrated and settled here. We appeal to them for their innate sense of justice, kindness and generosity, and we implore them to give up these predatory behaviors for the sake of the same clan and not to affect their relations and exchanges. But they also turned a deaf ear to this call for justice and blood. Therefore, we really want to get rid of them and treat them like other nationalities in the world: fighting with us is the enemy; Make up with us and you will be friends.

Therefore, we, the representatives of the United States of in the name of people, gathered under the Continental Congress, appealed to the highest justice in the world with the goodwill of the colonies without their authorization, explained our solemn intentions, and solemnly announced at the same time; These United colonies are free and independent countries from now on. According to their rights, they must be free and independent countries. They canceled all loyalty obligations to the British royal family, and all political relations between them and the British country were cut off from now on, and they must be cut off; As free and independent countries, they have every right to declare war, conclude peace, form alliances, trade and take all actions that independent countries have the right to take.

In order to support this declaration, we firmly believe in God's blessing and swear to each other with our lives, property and sacred reputation.

English original:

The unanimous declaration of the thirteen States of the United States of America

In Congress, July 4th, 1776

When in the process of human activities, it is necessary for a nation.

Dissolve the political belt to connect them with another, and

Assume that power, independence and equality stand on the earth.

The laws of nature and the God of nature give them decent respect.

Human opinions require that they should announce the reasons for the promotion.

They're splitting up.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and that they

Given certain inalienable rights by the creator, among which

It is life, freedom and the pursuit of happiness. In order to ensure these rights,

The government is established by the people, and their legitimate power comes from the people.

The consent of the ruled. Whenever any form of government becomes

The people have the right to change or abolish this system,

And establish a new government, lay the foundation for the principles and

Organize its power in a way that seems most likely to be realized for them.

Their safety and happiness.

In fact, caution will determine that a long-established government should not

Change due to illumination and instantaneous reasons; So all the experience

She shows that human beings are more inclined to suffer, and evil is tolerable.

Correct themselves by abolishing their customary forms.

But when a long list of abuse and occupation, the pursuit of the same.

The objects show that the design reduces them under absolute despotism, which is theirs.

Yes, it is their responsibility to overthrow such a government and provide new guards.

For their future safety.

This is the patience of these colonies; This is now.

The necessity of forcing them to change the original government system.

The history of the current king of England (George III) is a book.

Repeated injury and usurpation have direct goals.

Absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let the facts be submitted to

An honest world.

He refused to approve the most beneficial and necessary laws for the country.

Public interest.

He barred his governor from passing emergency bills.

Importance unless their operation is suspended until his consent should be.

Get, when paused, he completely ignored them.

He refused to pass other laws to accommodate large areas.

People, unless these people will give up their representation.

The legislature is an inestimable right for them, and only tyrants are afraid of it.

He called the legislature in unusual places, uncomfortable, and

Away from the storage of public records, the only purpose

Make them submit to his measures.

He dissolved the House of Representatives many times because he opposed Manley.

Resolutely oppose his violation of people's rights.

After such dissolution, he has refused for a long time to let others be dissolved.

Elected; Legislative power, it is impossible to disappear, there is

Return to the broad masses of people for exercise; Keep in the state of being in.

In the meantime, it is exposed to the danger of foreign invasion and convulsions.

Inside.

He tried to stop the population of these States; To this end

Laws that hinder the naturalization of foreigners; Refuse to give someone else

Encourage them to move here and raise new conditions.

Land distribution.

He refused to approve the law, thus obstructing justice.

Establish judicial power.

He made the judge completely dependent on his will during his term of office,

As well as the amount and payment of their wages.

He set up many new offices and sent a large number of officials here.

Harass our people and eat their material.

In peacetime, he kept a standing army among us without our consent.

Our legislature.

He tried his best to make the army independent of and above the civilian.

Power.

He combined with others to put us under a jurisdiction that has nothing to do with us.

Constitution and not recognized by our laws; Agree with their behavior

False legislation:

A large number of armed forces are stationed among us;

Protect them from any murder by mock trial.

Should be responsible to the residents of these States;

Cut off our trade with the rest of the world;

Tax us without our consent;

Deprived us of the benefits of jury trial in many cases;

Send us overseas to be tried for pretending;

Abolish the liberal system of British laws in neighboring provinces,

Establish an arbitrary government and expand its borders.

It is presented immediately as an example and is suitable for introducing the same tool.

Absolute rule over these colonies;

Cancel our charter, abolish our most valuable laws and changes.

Fundamentally speaking, the form of our government;

Suspend our own legislature and announce our own investment.

Have the right to legislate for us under any circumstances.

He has given up the government here and announced that we are no longer protected by him.

To wage war on us.

He plundered our oceans, ravaged our coasts, burned down our towns and destroyed

The life of our people.

He is now transporting a large number of foreign mercenaries to complete it.

The works of death, desolation and tyranny have begun in the case.

Cruelty and treachery are almost parallel in the most barbaric times, completely

Not worthy to be the head of a civilized country.

He forced our compatriots captured on the high seas to endure.

Armed against their country, become their friends and executioners.

Brothers, or fall into their hands.

He incited domestic rebellion among us and tried to

The inhabitants who brought us to the border, ruthless Indian barbarians.

As we all know, the rule of war is to kill all men, women and children.

Conditions.

At every stage of these oppressions, we take the most

Humble conditions. Our repeated requests were only answered repeatedly.

Injured. A prince, whose character is defined by every possibility.

A tyrant is not worthy to be the ruler of a free nation.

We are not lacking in care for our English brothers.

From time to time, we warn their legislatures to try.

Expand our jurisdiction.

We have reminded them of our immigration and settlement.

Here you are.

We call on them to be born just and magnanimous, and we

Call them to deny these plunder by the bond of our common blood,

This will inevitably interrupt our contact and communication.

They also turned a deaf ear to the voice of justice and blood. We must,

Therefore, the default necessity condemns our separation and holds.

They are enemies in war and friends in peace, just as we treat other human beings.

Therefore, on the whole, we, the representatives of the United States of America,

Congress, gathering, calls on the world's highest judge.

The integrity of our intentions, in the name of goodness and authority.

The people of these colonies solemnly declared.

These united colonies should be free and independent.

Country; They were exempted from all allegiance to the British royal family, and

All political ties between them and Britain are and should be.

Completely dissolved; As a free and independent country, they have full

The right to wage war, conclude peace, conclude alliances and establish trade.

Do all other acts and things that an independent country has the right to do.

And support this declaration, firmly relying on protection.

Holy providence, we promise each other our lives, our wealth, and

Our sacred honor.

The signatories of the Declaration represent the new country as follows:

New Hampshire:

Josiah bartlett, William whipple, Matthew Thornton

Massachusetts:

John hancock, samur Adams, john adams, rob terry Paine, Elbridge Gerry.

Rhode Island:

William ellery Stephen Hopkins

Connecticut:

Roger sherman, samuel huntington, william williams, Oliver Walcott

New york:

William Freud, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris

New jersey:

Richard stockton, john witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, john hart, abraham clark.

Pennsylvania:

Robert morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, john morton, george clymer,

James smith, George Taylor, james wilson, George Ross

Delaware:

Caesar Rodney, George Reid, Thomas McCann

Maryland:

Samuel chase, William Paka, Thomas Si Tong, Charles Carroll of Carrollton.

Virginia:

George Weiss, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison,

Thomas Nelson Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, carter braxton

North Carolina:

William Hooper, Joseph Hughes, john payne

South Carolina:

Edward rutledge, thomas hayward Jr., Thomas Lynch Jr., Arthur Middleton

Georgia:

Barton Gwennett, Lyman Hall, George Walton