What are the main specific types of Lingnan residential architectural styles?

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Characteristics of new Lingnan architecture and its forming factors

The meaning of characteristics refers to the thing that best represents or reflects its essence. The same is true for the characteristics of architecture. According to its essence and attributes, architecture must be both practical and beautiful; it must be both technical and artistic. This is the essence and characteristics of architecture, that is, duality.

How are architectural features formed? It mainly comes from nation, culture, customs, characteristics and aesthetics. Judging from its composition, it comes from natural conditions such as life, climate, geography, topography, etc., which together form the characteristics of the building. The architectural characteristics of the place are derived from the various structural conditions of the place.

Architectural characteristics, from a social and cultural perspective, can be divided into social characteristics, cultural characteristics, and characteristics of various historical periods. From the perspective of architecture itself, there are also technical and artistic features. From a technical perspective, there are plane, structural and material characteristics, as well as climate, geography, landform characteristics, etc. From an artistic point of view, there are characteristics such as appearance, details, decoration, and decoration. Taken together, it is the general characteristic of the building.

In the expression of architectural features, generally speaking, material technology is easy to reflect, but spiritual temperament is more difficult to express. The most difficult thing to express is its cultural connotation. In a building, the artistic expression of the exterior architectural image, details, decoration, color, and the use of plane functions, structure, structure, materials and other technical means are visible, tangible, and easy to express. The cultural connotation, character, and temperament of a building are hidden deep in the building and are difficult to judge at once.

In addition, architectural features also have three levels of expression, namely:

1.1 Shallow level expression, which has many characteristics in material and technical aspects and is easy to see and reflect a characteristic expression. Generally in architecture, such as plane, structure, material, climate, landform and certain shapes, details, components, patterns, etc., in architectural design, it can be directly used, and in creation, it can be called plagiarism or imitation.

1.2 Mid-level expression, which has begun to enter architecture to model and synthesize, can be said to be a representative or typical feature, such as symbols, symbols, techniques, etc., all belong to this category of mid-level features Performance.

1.3 High-level expression, which is a characteristic expression that goes deep into the cultural connotation, can only be gradually formed after a considerable period of time.

1.3.1 Architectural technical characteristics and performance

This is a shallow level of performance and belongs to the technical scope of architecture. To sum up, it has the following four characteristics: Open and transparent plane and spatial layout

The orientation of the building should be considered in the layout of the building to obtain good ventilation conditions. Transparent spaces include open corridors, open windows, and open doors that transition and combine indoor and outdoor spaces, as well as indoor open halls, open staircases, pillar floors, and large open hall spaces. Lightweight appearance

The artistic composition of architectural design has four elements, shape, material, details and color, of which shape is the key. The first condition for a building to be beautiful and pleasing to the eye is its proper shape, that is, proper proportions and graceful proportions. Harmonious and beautiful proportions are a necessary condition for the natural beauty of architecture. The second is material, which is the material basis for building construction. Details and colors, including decoration and decoration, are important auxiliary means to increase the beauty of the building.

The climate in the south is hot, humid and rainy, and people prefer a light and lively life, as well as outdoor activities. For heavy and solid objects, we often feel heavy and depressed from the inside. This concept also affects the view on architecture. In general, buildings are expected to be light, lively and free.

The building shape is made light and light, using the following techniques, such as: asymmetrical building shape and volume, contrast between virtual and solid lines. Use more lightweight and transparent materials, and choose transparent detailed components. Bright and elegant colors

Lingnan architecture often likes to use relatively bright and light colors in color selection. At the same time, they also like to use pure colors such as cyan, blue, and green as the color base, which can reduce the weight of the building. sense, resulting in the lightness of the building's appearance. The combination of architecture and natural environment is divided into two aspects:

a. The integration of architecture and nature, that is, the architecture makes full use of natural mountains and water, such as cliffs, cliffs, streams, The lake serves as the setting to add to the natural beauty of the building.

b. The combination of architecture and gardens. Its characteristic is the combination of courtyards and gardens, and the combination of courtyards and gardens. There are many types of gardens. Those with water as the center are called water gardens, those with green space as the center are called dry gardens, those with stone scenes as the center are called stone gardens, and those with stone scenes in the water are called water stone gardens. Buildings built around courtyards are called courtyard-circling buildings.

Introducing the garden indoors is also a technique in architecture and gardening. The specific methods include: introducing the garden into the hall, introducing the garden into the room, and introducing the garden into the roof layer, which is called a roof garden or rooftop garden. There is also the introduction of the garden into the pillar layer, which is called the ground floor garden.

… The use of traditional local characteristics of details and decoration.

1.3.2 Expression of architectural symbolic characteristics

This kind of characteristic expression is deeper than the above-mentioned technical, appearance or formal characteristics. It goes deep into the nature of the building to reflect it, which can be said to be It belongs to the scope of concepts, laws, etc., and it already has a general content expression. For example, the symbols, techniques, symbols, etc. that general designers usually like to use fall into this category. However, this kind of characteristic expression such as symbols, techniques, symbols, etc. is not fixed, but the architectural characteristic expression of each period, and it changes with the development of the times, or is eliminated or sublimated.

For example, in the new architectural forms and design trends that were popular in the Guangzhou area in the 1970s, there is a local proverb that says, "board-type buildings have strip windows, high-rise flat roofs plus podiums, high-rise buildings and low-rise buildings, and sun visors." "Added flower windows" were the symbols, images, details and other characteristics of the new Lingnan architecture at that time and their concrete embodiment. It was a step further than the technical and material characteristics. However, not long after, in the 1980s, these characteristics also disappeared, and new characteristics emerged.

1.3.3 High-level architectural characteristics and expressions

High-level expressions are expressions of cultural and ideological connotations, which have transcended some surface forms and other material features and symbols, Symbols, techniques and other content expressions are expressed through craftsmanship, conception, and theoretical synthesis from philosophy, aesthetics, history, humanities and other disciplines. This is the highest state of architectural creation. This is what people in the industry usually mean when they say they should be "similar in spirit" rather than "similar in form". This kind of creative state is difficult to achieve, and it is very difficult to achieve. It requires energy, time, and long-term practice and exploration to gradually achieve it. It is not easy to achieve a high level of expression in a certain aspect of ideological connotation in creation.

Let’s analyze the characteristics of Lingnan architecture from the perspective of Lingnan culture.

The formation of cultural characteristics is caused by factors such as the geographical environment, climatic conditions, historical development and concepts of various ethnic groups and regions.

The characteristics of Lingnan culture can be summarized as three major cultural systems and four major cultural characteristics. The three major cultural systems are multiculturalism, maritime culture and business culture. As for the four major cultural characteristics, namely compatibility, pragmatism, secularity and innovation, they have also become more radiant in the development of modern culture. Multicultural. The Lingnan area was the residence of South Vietnamese people in ancient times and was called indigenous culture at that time. During the several turmoils after the Qin and Han dynasties, the northern Han people migrated southward, bringing with them the culture of the Central Plains. The long-term cultural exchange and integration between Han and Yue, coupled with the absorption of the advantages of the surrounding areas of Lingnan such as Jingchu, Minyue, Wuyue culture, and foreign cultures from overseas, have made the diversity of Lingnan culture its greatest feature. Nationally speaking, this is also quite special.

Lingnan culture is one of the components of Chinese national culture, and its characteristics are inseparable from the influence and integration of Chinese national cultural characteristics. The multiculturalism in Lingnan is mainly the result of the long-term integration of Central Plains culture and indigenous culture, as well as the absorption of cultures from surrounding areas. What needs to be made clear here is that in the Han-Vietnamese culture, the Central Plains culture is the root, while in the Lingnan multicultural culture, it is clear that the traditional Chinese culture is the dominant one. Secondly, it should be emphasized that among the subjects of Han-Vietnamese cultural integration, the historical development and characteristics of South Vietnamese culture cannot be ignored. If the above two points are separated, then the multiculturalism in Lingnan deviates from the national and regional characteristics. How is it different from the multiculturalism in foreign regions? Marine culture. In terms of climate and geography, it is characterized by openness, cheerfulness, openness, and integration with nature, which is a reflection of naturalness and openness. In addition, there are many maritime cultural exchanges, development, and trade, as well as the absorption and dissemination of culture, and there are also many exchanges of advanced technology and culture between the two sides. In modern times, exchanges between China and foreign countries originated and developed from towns in coastal areas as intersections. Therefore, the characteristics of maritime culture are openness and pioneering. business culture. It is characterized by economic acumen and a sense of competition, but it also brings utilitarianism and the respect for business and profit. The key is to properly handle the relationship between "interest and justice", that is, the relationship between economic benefits and social benefits. This is also reflected in the relationship between traditional culture and business culture. In terms of the new values ????of our modern society, the two should be unified, but social benefits must be emphasized.

The following describes the four specific characteristics of Lingnan culture. compatibility. This is one of the most obvious characteristics reflected in the historical development of Lingnan culture. Lingnan people treat ancient culture, foreign culture, including all ancient and modern Chinese and foreign cultures, with an attitude of accepting all comers, criticizing and absorbing them, and using everything for their own use. This is the effect of multiculturalism. The most important principle in compatibility is that I am the main one, which means that diversity is based on Chinese culture. Pragmatism. This is the advantage brought by business culture. If you want to do business and run it for a long time, you must rely on integrity. You must be reputable, honest, honest, have real products and a down-to-earth style. This is the behavior that comes from a correct, ethical business culture, which is necessarily pragmatic. Secondly, business culture also brings flexibility, which is the other side of pragmatism. As long as it does not violate pragmatism and credibility, a certain degree of flexibility and adaptability is allowed. Secularity is also one of the main characteristics of Lingnan culture. Lingnan indigenous culture represents the culture of the South Vietnamese people. It is a reflection of the things, concepts, etiquette, and systems in the life and production of the South Vietnamese people.

In the development of history and culture, Lingnan culture represents the interests needed by the people, such as ancestral halls and private schools in ancient buildings, and modern shops, teahouses and other folk building types that are loved and practical by the people. They are all for the use of the people. , this is folklore. Innovation is also a comprehensive reflection of business culture and marine culture. Innovation is a necessary means of competition and an inevitable way for anything to succeed and win. Without competition, it is impossible to move forward, but this competition must be healthy and aboveboard.

Innovation is different from creation. Innovation is mainly a concept and thought, which requires novelty and difference. Creation is a specific act, an act that generates value, and an act that creates value through hard work with scientific basis. Of course, the two are related and can be explained in some ways.

Lingnan architecture comes from the cultural and natural conditions of the region. Based on the above, the characteristics of Lingnan architecture can be summarized as follows: 1. Pragmatism, the essence of Lingnan architecture is to focus on authenticity; 2. Compatibility, all the essence of ancient and modern times, Chinese and foreign, is for my use, this is the key point of Lingnan architecture experts. 3. Secularity, which is the manifestation of Lingnan architecture’s attention to folk architecture and popular ideas; 4. Innovation, which is the main feature and foundation of Lingnan architecture. Everything is based on innovation and seeks for innovation. Change. In addition, with the development of culture, the role of radiation has also continued to develop in Lingnan architecture, which can also be said to be the fifth feature.

2 Creation of Lingnan architectural regional style

2.1 Factors and conditions for the formation of local architectural style

There are four main factors in the formation of architectural style, namely social factors, economic factors, natural factors and cultural factors.

2.1.1 Social factors

Social factors include historical factors and humanistic factors. Historical factors include era factors, ethnic factors, and regional factors. These factors are relatively stable and do not change frequently. Human factors are the most active and frequently changing factors among social factors. Humanistic factors include people’s customs and personalities, religious beliefs, cultural qualities, aesthetic concepts, etc.

Among the historical factors, social system plays a leading role. In feudal society, there were different manifestations in each period, which constituted the factors of the times.

2.1.2 Economic factors

This is the material condition for the formation of architecture. The same materials and structures can lead to different architectural images and appearances, because architectural creation is not determined by science and technology such as material structure, but by the social needs of the time, people's understanding of architecture, and ideological and cultural requirements for architecture. of. Materials and structural methods provide architectural creation with the possibility and economy of architectural implementation. They are necessary conditions, but not the decisive conditions.

2.1.3 Natural conditions factors

Different natural conditions include climate, geography, landforms and materials. It is one of the main factors that contributes to the richness and local style of our country’s architectural image. .

2.1.4 Cultural factors

Anything that is ideological or non-material technical content belongs to the category of cultural factors. For example, institutions (such as rituals), clans, and artistic novels, poems, paintings, music, operas, sculptures, decorations, decorations, costumes, patterns, etc. all belong to the cultural category. As for the architectural category, most of the emphasis is on systems, customs, aesthetics, and artistic treatment.

Architecture serves people's production and life, and buildings are designed and built by people. The formation of architecture cannot be separated from people. Different cultural qualities and different personalities of people will lead to different reflections in the layout, space, environment and image of the building, especially the architectural style.

For the formation of architectural style, the four factors are necessary conditions, but different regions, different nationalities, and different conditions for their existence will lead to different architectural features and styles. Especially in the southern region, there are two keys to grasping the characteristics of Lingnan. One is the human factors of Lingnan, and the other is the natural factors of Lingnan.

So, what is the defining symbol of local architectural style? Through many practical summaries, it is believed that three conditions are needed: mature humanistic conditions, obvious regional conditions and relatively complete local traditional cultural conditions. Mature humanistic conditions

Humanistic conditions have many contents, the most important of which are two, one is personality characteristics and the other is cultural characteristics. If the local homogeneous character characteristics formed by the local people under certain historical conditions have been carefully summarized, and its homogeneous cultural characteristics have also been summarized, then it can be said that the humanistic conditions in this region are basically mature. , which laid the humanistic foundation for creating the architectural style of this region. Obvious regional conditions

Any building is built in a certain location. Each location has its specific terrain, surrounding environment and specific climate characteristics. Buildings cannot be separated from these specific climate, The design is based on topography, landforms and other features. An excellent building, especially a local building, must have obvious regional characteristics. Obvious regional characteristics can enable the building to fully present its local features and style.

Comparatively complete traditional cultural conditions

There are two types of culture in architecture: one is more focused on intuitive categories such as literature and art, such as paintings, sculptures, colored sculptures, decorations, decorations, patterns, plaques, and couplets. etc. The other type focuses on cultural connotation, that is, aesthetic aspects such as scene and artistic conception. The latter is a step deeper than the former, but more difficult.

Architecture has an artistic side and can be classified as an art category. Its performance is mainly an image expression, but it is also inseparable from material and technical conditions such as materials and structures. In ancient times, some buildings with relatively complex functions and large scales had to rely on other categories of art to express themselves, such as sculptures, paintings, etc. These art categories not only helped the building to increase its image expression, but also increased the architectural style. The cultural connotation presents a richer appeal.

Artistic expression is also the accumulation and precipitation of history and culture of a country and a nation. Each period has its own characteristics. Therefore, art has its national and contemporary characteristics, and it has its own characteristics for the local area. of locality. Since it is a historical culture, it must have tradition and inheritance. These traditional cultures are also the expression and reflection of a country, a nation, or a local culture. Without these cultures, no matter whether it is a country, a nation, or a place, it will be stupid and lifeless. With a splendid, unique and rich culture, countries, nations and places will be noble, vital and glorious.

The same is true for architectural style, which must have a strong culture as the basis for its expression. Countries with excellent traditional culture must also have unique features in terms of architectural style. The architectural style of ancient my country is majestic, solemn, bold and magnificent, giving people a feeling of greatness and power. The simplicity, richness, and variety of folk architectural styles, as well as the freedom, flexibility, liveliness, and changeability of gardens, constitute the richness and diversity of ancient architectural styles. This is a great legacy that we need to inherit.

For this reason, as long as the humanistic conditions mature, there are obvious regional conditions, and there are relatively complete cultural conditions, then the Lingnan architectural style will have the basis and possibility to create.

2.2 Historical context, human qualities and Lingnan local style

Based on the above, when the humanistic conditions, regional conditions and local cultural conditions are all in place, then is it Can the local style of architecture arise naturally? The answer is not necessarily. Although these three conditions are complete, they are only the objective conditions and foundation for the formation of local architectural style. The key lies in the people, that is, the architects, who are determined by the architect's thoughts, qualities, and beliefs. Yes, this is a subjective condition.

As an architect, you must have certain thoughts, qualities and beliefs. First, you must understand the customs, life, thoughts, character, aesthetics, etc. of the local people. At the same time, you must also understand the local climate and geography. , materials, environment and other objective conditions. Second, we must grasp the historical context, which is related to whether the architectural style created has national characteristics and whether it has Lingnan characteristics. Third, improve one's own qualities, that is, thoughts, culture, beliefs, and abilities, such as a correct understanding of architecture, a firm belief in the direction of creation, a certain level of business culture theory and practical experience, and the ability to be serious, pragmatic, and in-depth in work. Style, etc., these qualities are the basis for architects to create.

Architects’ understanding of historical context includes four aspects: first, understanding local history and culture, which is the need to carry forward the national character and tradition of culture and facilitate our criticism, inheritance, and absorption; second, The local people's lifestyle, production methods, customs and beliefs, etc.; the third is the character characteristics of the local people, which involves lifestyle, emotional hobbies, aesthetics, etc.; the fourth is the local cultural characteristics. Divided by categories of literature and art, those related to literature include plaques, couplets, and inscriptions; those related to art include painting, calligraphy, carvings, and furnishings (furniture); and those related to practical art include decoration, decoration, patterns, patterns, colors, etc. These four aspects of content are inseparable from history, local natural conditions, and local environment. They constitute the local cultural connotation. These contents are the practical basis for creating Lingnan style.

In this regard, native-born local architects are the most qualified practitioners to create Lingnan architectural styles and are also the most successful. Some famous architects in Guangdong have precedents. In contemporary times, there are many architects who are not locals but are new immigrants. They can also become excellent creators of Lingnan architectural style. However, as mentioned above, they must understand, be familiar with and master the three basic conditions for the formation of local style, especially the historical context of Lingnan. Only by going deep into the masses, understanding Lingnan humanities, mastering Lingnan conditions, cultivating feelings, and constantly Only by improving one's own quality can one create a true Lingnan local style building.