How to treat the expansion of Mongolian empire correctly?

One. The Mongol Empire is not equal to the Yuan Dynasty.

1。 Genghis Khan's Mongolian empire did not unify the Song Dynasty at that time, but destroyed the rulers, not China.

2。 The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan, which destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and made Beijing its capital. It inherits and develops the culture of China, such as the Yuan Dynasty.

Song and so on, so the Yuan Dynasty was a part of China. Kublai Khan didn't let Northeast China learn Japanese as Japan did.

I didn't try to destroy China's culture, but I learned and adopted China's culture, which is the essence of Japanese aggression.

It's different.

3。 Genghis Khan's Mongolian empire later captured Russia, but the descendants of Genghis Khan did not use the Russian cultural system.

Ruling Russia, the descendants of Genghis Khan did not accept and develop Russian culture, so Russia did not regard them as Russia.

Part of China's history. In other words, the key is to look at cultural inheritance.

4。 1963101On October 22nd, People's Daily and Hongqi Magazine jointly published Defenders of Neocolonialism-IV.

The open letter commenting on the Central Committee of the Soviet Union (hereinafter referred to as the open letter) has a very clear exposition. The article wrote: "We don't

I want to comment on the historical role of Genghis Khan, not on the development of Mongolian, Russian, China and other nationalities and countries.

The process of home formation. We just remind Sue to take a warning. When you make such a rumor, look back at your calendar.

History is still necessary. Genghis Khan was the Khan of Mongolia, and both China and Russia were invaded. Chengjisi

12 15 Khan invaded parts of northwest and north China, 1223 invaded Russia. Chengjisi

After Khan died, his successor was in 124 years? After more than 30 years, Russia was conquered in 1279.

Conquered all China in. "(Note 2)

It is right to comment on the four open letters of the Central Committee of the CPSU, but don't get me wrong. At first it was aggressive, then it was learning.

Inherited and carried forward the Han culture, so the Yuan Dynasty became a part of China's history.

5。 In an open letter, Lu Xun, a famous writer in China, wrote in an article in 1934

A passage about Genghis Khan may be of some use to you. We will make a copy for your reference. he

He said: at the age of twenty, "I heard that Genghis Khan conquered Europe, and that was our most extravagant time."

Generation. It was not until I was twenty-five years old that I realized that the so-called "our" richest era was actually the Mongolian conquest of China.

We became slaves. It was not until August this year that I turned over three books on Mongolian history because I had to look up a story.

Before the Mongols conquered all China, they conquered Volos and invaded Hungary and Austria, but Genghis Khan was not.

Our sweat is that Russians are more qualified to be slaves than we are. They should say,' Our Genghis Khan conquered China,

This is our richest age. "(Complete Works of Lu Xun, Volume VI, p. 109. ) (Note 3)

Lu Xun is not perfect. Personally, he feels highly praised. There is nothing wrong with Lu Xun's words here, but not during Genghis Khan's period.

Belongs to China, see my first point. However, I also saw Lu Xun say that the Manchu Dynasty was not China's, which is the reason.

Some traitors' remarks, because the West advocated that Manchu Tibet was not China's for the sake of seven points of China, and Lu Xun actually and

These people have a sigh and a breath. China is a big multi-ethnic family, which is now recognized, but Lu Xun actually has it.

Such an argument. So, don't be superstitious about so-called celebrities.

Two. Genghis Khan's greatness is to pass the eastern civilization to the west, and the later Renaissance in the west is largely

This is the credit of Genghis Khan. And his son also absorbed western culture in the Yuan Dynasty in China, which was written in China.

The dynasty with the best technology. Unfortunately, the Yuan Dynasty became the "Northern Yuan" after its return to Mongolia. The Ming Dynasty once again played a unique role.

Confucianism, the so-called Zheng He's seven voyages to the West, was not for business, but for spreading Islam, because the Ming emperor

It's regression. Not only that, the Japanese ronin began to lock up the country even in the Ming Dynasty. And the yuan dynasty? the Yuan Dynasty

Knocked down Japan twice. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty was much stronger. Sadly, in the Ming Dynasty, the country was locked.

At that time, the Renaissance appeared in the West, partly because of Genghis Khan. Therefore, the responsibility for China's backwardness in modern times lies with the Ming Dynasty.

Exclusive respect for Confucianism. Interestingly, now some people are arrogant and want to promote Confucianism, and some even disagree.

About women, it is gender equality to say that women stand up and pee. China's rare advantage now is women.

High status. What's the difference between this and the Ming Dynasty?

Three. Ten Theories: Yuan Dynasty was the orthodox dynasty of China.

/f？ kz=88706928

One. Cultural theory:

Different from Japanese aggression, Japan engaged in Japanese education in occupied areas, which destroyed China verbally, while cultural destruction was the way to destroy a nation. This was not the case in the Yuan Dynasty. Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, saying that "when a foreigner enters China, it belongs to China, and when China enters it, it belongs to Yi", which means that when he arrived in the Central Plains, he used Chinese cultural customs, so he became Huaxia. If Huaxia entered a remote area and used the cultural customs of Yi, he became Yi. No matter Yi or Huaxia, it was not because of their ancestry, but because of the culture they used.

1. Because Kublai Khan himself respected Chinese culture, the Four Great Khan countries and the Yuan Dynasty broke away from the suzerain relationship.

Please see:

"1252, Mungo ordered Xu Liewu to explore Persia and other places. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he ordered Xu Liewu to lead the west of the Amu Darya River to the border of Misier (Egypt) and establish a khanate. Its territory starts from the Amu Darya and Indus rivers in the east, including most of Asia Minor in the west, the Persian Gulf in the south and the Caucasus Mountains in the north. Xu Liewu took Mieraha (now Malag, Azerbaijan, Iran) as the capital, set up a prime minister to be responsible for the national government affairs and appointed provincial governors.

1265, Abaqa, the son of Xu Liewu, was founded, and the Yuan Dynasty named him "assisting the national security". After Abaqa ascended the throne, he established his capital in the Temple of Li Tao (today's Iranian-Azerbaijani land), with Mileha as the capital. 1284, Kublai Khan sent Prime Minister Boluo and others to Yili Khanate, and argon Khan left him in Khantang to participate in the proceedings of state affairs.

During the reign of the seventh generation of Hezan in Ilihan, Islam became the state religion, which made the country prosperous. 1298, Hezan sent envoys to the Yuan Dynasty to pay tribute to jewelry and other things. "

Obviously, the influence of the power struggle has not affected the State of ilhan. More importantly, Kublai Khan's respect for Chinese culture made him break away from the suzerain relationship with the Yuan Dynasty itself.

2. Why was the Yuan Dynasty named "Yuan"? Why is it named after the literal meaning of "Great Gan Yuan" in the Book of Changes? Why not name it after some meaning of the Koran? When the Song Dynasty was destroyed, the Huaxia Khanate could also be established. Why did you name it The Book of Changes?

The text format and calendar of Zhishu show that the Yuan Dynasty was one of the dynasties in the history of China, and the failure of the Yuan Dynasty was that its ruling method was not as good as that of Manchu.

3. The hierarchy is generally established according to the time of joining the Mongolian conquerors. Those who join first have higher political and legal status, while those who join later have lower status. The third-grade Han people refer to the population obtained after the elimination of gold in Mongolia, including Han people living in this area, ordinary Khitan and Jurchen people. The fourth grade of Nanren mainly refers to the Han people and people of other nationalities who lived in the former Southern Song Dynasty after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. In fact, there are different groups in the four grades. For example, the fundamental class interests of China landlords and Mongolian rulers are the same, while ordinary Han Chinese and Mongolian civilians are in the same dominant position.

Mongolian ruling class is from nomadic people, and it is not good at farming culture and advanced scientific and technological knowledge in the Central Plains. This determines that the Mongolian ruling class must rely entirely on the wisdom and labor of other ethnic groups to develop national economy, science and technology, culture and art, and the hierarchical system is undoubtedly an incompatible political system. In today's words, relations of production and productivity are incompatible. This hierarchy aroused strong resistance from ordinary people in China at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Perhaps this is one of the main reasons for the final demise of the Yuan Dynasty.

4. Injong's "China Law" Politics

Wu Zonghai Mountain ascended the throne less than four years ago, that is, he died in the first month of his senior year (13 1 1). In March, he acceded to the throne in most places, namely Renzong, and the Mongolian name was Puyan Duhan.

Renzong once studied Confucianism with Li Meng and relied heavily on China scholars. After he acceded to the throne, he abolished the old politics of Wuzong and implemented the "Chinese law". After the death of Wu Zong, Renzong abolished Shangshu Province in the first month, and arrested Tuo Domineering, Sambo Slave and Xerox for "confusing the old chapter and poisoning the people". Shangshu province is still restored to Zhongshu province.

Injong acceded to the throne soon, that is, the abolition of large silver notes and copper coins. Folk exercisers move from one bank to another. We will still print central banknotes, even RMB banknotes. Where the litigation cashier, unified number of banknotes. At the same time, officials were sent to burn their big bills. By worshipping Confucius and Mencius, Renzong showed the ruling thought of Confucianism. Confucian scholars were appointed in the Han Dynasty, and Confucianism was emphasized in the Yuan Dynasty.

13 13 (the second year of Qing dynasty), the imperial examination was officially implemented. 13 14 From August, juren over 25 years old (scribes who took the exam) were recommended by counties. After they pass the provincial examination, they will take the examination of the Ministry of Rites in February of the following year, and then take the imperial examination. From now on, the examination room will be held every three years. Mongolians, Semu people, Han people and southerners are in the exam. After the implementation of the Imperial Examination, China landlords' desire to broaden their careers was satisfied politically, and Chinese culture was further spread among Mongolians and Semu people.

Two. Gene theory

From the perspective of genetics and anthropology, Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and even North American Indians all have an ancestor, Mongolian! This Mongolian term is a professional term of western anthropology, not a pre-existing Mongolian language. It is not known whether the ancestor of this Mongolian was Zhoukoudian ape-man in Beijing or an undiscovered Mongolian ape-man in Siberia.

Three. Bloodline theory

In the Han Dynasty, Huaxia and Nanman merged into the Han nationality, and the Han nationality was formed. If the Han people take this as the standard, then the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty (founded by the Hui people) and the Qing Dynasty are all aliens? Obviously not. Actually, it's Han nationality. no

No fresh blood was added. Xianbei people in Sui Dynasty merged into the Han nationality and formed a new Han nationality. There is not much difference in culture and blood relationship between the new Han nationality and the Han nationality, but there are also some differences. You can look at the difference between Han Fu and Tang Poetry. There is no absolute pure race in the world, only relatively pure race. The purer ethnic groups are Han, Tibetan, Yamato, Manchu, Mongolian, Korean, Dai and Germanic. Typical hybrids are Hindustan, British, French, Tatar, Turkish, Bulgarian and so on.

Four. Regional theory

When "China" appeared in Shangshu, it was only the name people used to address the Guanzhong and Heluo areas where they lived in the Western Zhou Dynasty. China was destroyed by Yuan Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and so on. This conclusion is obviously wrong. The scope referred to by the word "China" has experienced an expanding process from small to large with the passage of time. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the region to which Zhou belonged could also be called "China", and the meaning of "China" extended to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the vassal states. With the territorial expansion of vassal states, "China" became the title of all countries. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the area not belonging to the Yellow River basin but within the jurisdiction of the Central Plains regime was called "China", and the name "China" eventually became the common name of China. Since the middle of19th century, "China" has become a special term, which refers to all the territories of our country.

Five. Moral theory

First of all, correct a concept that the Yuan Dynasty included Mongolia and the Central Plains, with an area of about 1.200, which was smaller than the largest area of 1.300- 1.400 in the Qing Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was different from the Mongolian Empire, which had four giants, and the Yuan Dynasty was one of them. The four giants fought their own battles, and the fierce and cruel infighting was very short in the Yuan Dynasty (~ 65438). China did not allow Britain to sell opium and engage in chronic genocide, which led to the Opium War. Have you ever seen the British repent of such a shameless war? Are the British willing to return to China? War is war, and it is inappropriate to involve such factors as morality.

Six. Capital Theory: Why did the Yuan Dynasty take China as its capital? You can continue to be in Helin, and Samarkand is the center of the empire geographically. Dare Japan give up Tokyo and come to Beijing as the capital? The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was in Dadu (now Beijing), so it was the Yuan Dynasty in China, because the main symbol of the dynasty was the location of the capital, not the nation. Besides, the Mongols are also one of the nationalities in China, so the Yuan Dynasty was the Yuan Dynasty in China. If the United States is a part of Britain, France, Spain and other countries in terms of nationality, it is because the main rulers of the American nation are immigrants from those countries, not native Indians.

7. Ancestor theory: Mongolian and Han people actually have the same ancestor. Mongols have a branch of Donghu people. Donghu people come from Jiuyi, Jiuyi people come from Dongyi, Dongyi people and Yanhuang people are the same ancestor-both ancient Qiang people!

Yi: The ancient name of China. Dongyi people call themselves "people", and Yi people follow the bow, which means dome in ancient times. Yi, that is, people or adults under the sun, were originally descendants of Yanhuang. After the defeat, it merged with Huaxia and was discriminated against. Therefore, it has become a derogatory term for ethnic minorities living in the east and northeast with birds as their totems. In a broad sense, Dongyi also includes Su Shen, which lives in the northeast. Xu Yi, Lion, Xuantu, Le Lang, Koryo, Manchu, Yi Fu, Suojia, Shutu, Japanese, etc. Nine Yi can be divided into Yi, Yu, Yang, Fang, Huang, Bai, Chi, Xuan and Feng. There are many words "nine", which is actually a general term for many ethnic groups with similar races in the East. During the Shang Dynasty, the people were destroyed by the merchants, and later, most small countries in Huai and Yi were destroyed by Lu. Lai Yi and Qi merged. Tai Hao was a great leader of the Yi people in the ancient East. It is the fourth generation of Fuxi who lives in Chen (now Suiyang County, Henan Province). The authors with the most descendants are Ren (now Jining City, Shandong Province), Su (now Dongping City, Shandong Province), Xu Zhu (now Dongping County, Shandong Province) and Zhu (now Feixian County, Shandong Province). , all in the waterinfo valley. , Shun, came from Dongyi, and their descendants are Yong, Ju, and so on, all of which are in today's Shandong, and the distant ancestor of Shang is Dongyi. Later, Huaiyi, Nanyi and Xuyi were all nicknames or their branches after Dongyi moved south. Legend has it that Chiyou was also the leader of Dongyi nationality in ancient times. After the defeat, some of them were forced to retreat to the south. Those who stayed in the north once established Li Guo, which was later destroyed by Yanhuang. The arrested person was called "CoCo Lee" within two weeks. In the Han Dynasty, all ethnic minorities in southwest China were collectively called Southwest Yi.

Donghu: the name of an ancient nation. The first is XuanYi and Yi Xi. Also known as Shanrong and Beirong, it is famous for living in the east of Xiongnu. According to legend, Xianbei, the earliest real name, was built in Tuha (Tuhe) city (now northwest of Jinxi, Liaoning) and was the enemy of Zhao Yan. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it has frequently invaded the land of Yan State, and was later destroyed by Qin Kai, the general of Yan State. It is active in the Lamulun River basin in the upper reaches of the West Liaohe River. At the end of Qin dynasty, Donghu became more and more powerful. It once asked the Huns for horses and E Shi for land, and was defeated by Huns Khan. It retreated to the area called Bird Ring (now Arukerqin Banner, Inner Mongolia) and Xianbei Mountain (now northeast of Daxinganling in Hulunbeier League, Inner Mongolia or south of Taoer River). At that time, there were Hu Lin, Loufan, tapir (Yinxi), raccoon dog and other ethnic groups near the East Lake. King Wuling of Zhao and General Li Mu of Zhao once broke, angered and destroyed the East Lake, retreated more than a thousand miles and built the Great Wall to defend it. At that time, the Huns in the north were not strong enough to see the border.

Eight. About Zhu Yuanzhang: Zhu Yuanzhang said: "In the past, the Hu Han family was dominated by Hu Jun", "In recent years, the Hu Han family was dominated by Daming". This shows that the replacement of the Yuan Dynasty by the Ming Dynasty is a change of dynasty in the usual sense, and the situation of "Hu Han family" has not changed. Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered the compilation of yuan dynasty history. Since Genghis Khan, he has recognized his orthodox position and chronicled it, and followed the tradition of China to avoid it. There is a cloud at the beginning of "Yuan Shi Ji Xian Mao": "Mao Fa Tian Qi Yun is afraid of Temujin." Who has seen the biography written for the Japanese emperor? In the first year of Hongwu (A.D. 1373), Zhu Yuanzhang offered sacrifices to 16 China emperors from Fuxi to Kublai Khan, claiming to inherit their unity. In 2 1 (1288), Hongwu also offered sacrifices to 37 famous ministers in China, including Guan Yu, Yue Fei and other famous Han Chinese generals, as well as Mu Lihua, Boroqul, Black Blind Man, Chi Laowen and Bo Yan. 1 1 (1532), Jiajing established the Imperial Temple in Beijing, including Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang has always regarded the desert and Northeast China as the territory of China, and made six northern expeditions with the intention of reunification, not foreign aggression. Finally took control of the northeast. All these indicate that Zhu Yuanzhang admitted that the Yuan Dynasty was the orthodox dynasty in China.

Nine. Orthodoxy: Mencius inherited and carried forward Confucius' view of cultural and ethnic differences, and further put forward that "the holy king of China has no children", arguing that any ethnic group in China can rule China as an orthodox holy king as long as it has ambition and talent. He said: "Shun was born in Xiafu, died in Mingtiao, Dongyi, was born in and died in."

With Tenuto's massacre theory:

The killing of ethnic minorities and Manchu in Ming Dynasty are evidence of Amin.

Some people were dissatisfied with the brutality of the Yuan Dynasty and accused it of killing too many people. But which feudal dynasty didn't touch blood? Even Sun Yat-sen, who shouted the Three People's Principles, slaughtered Manchu during the Wuchang Uprising. I want to ask, do Han people have the privilege to kill the cruel people who pestered the Yuan Dynasty? The following is the killing of ethnic minorities in the Ming Dynasty.

Hongwu collected 36 holes in five years. In the sixth year of Jingtai, Huguang Miao and Meng surrendered, and Longli, Huaihua and Tonggu were surrounded. In the five years of Tianshun, the army went deep into the scenic spot, broke through hundreds of villages, burned 3 thousand, and beheaded 3.3 thousand people. In the third year of Tianshun (AD 1459), after the failure of the Miao uprising in central Guizhou, 4,490 people were killed and 5,500 women were taken into exile. During the Wanli period, when the Ming Dynasty sent troops to quell the rebellion of Yang Yinglong, the chieftain of Bozhou, many Miao and Gelao people were slaughtered and forced to flee, and only two out of ten survived after the war. In order to "expand the territory", the Ming Dynasty built a large number of forts in eastern Guizhou, Guiyang and Anshun, forcing many Miao people to migrate. (Qiubei County Records, Volume II)

Bai Gui, the right deputy commander of military affairs in Guizhou, was very proud of his passbook, with a left chop of ten thousand and a right chop of three thousand.

According to the records of Fenghuangtang and luxi county, the population of Miao area is "hundred years old" and "extinct several times". "After the slashing and suppression, the village was empty and uninhabited."

Under the leadership of Nikan Wailan, Duke of Toulon, Li, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, led the army, conquered Guchui City and carried out a massacre. He also killed Nuerhachi's grandfather Juechanggang and his father Tashi by mistake.

A domestic "historical expert" said that the population in the north of the Yuan Dynasty was greatly reduced, and some people said that it was caused by the Mongolian massacre. But this is not the case. In which period (~ 1350) did the Black Death sweep across Eurasia? According to the historical records of China, an abnormal climate change occurred in the second quarter of14th century. Natural disasters have destroyed the barriers of rodents' living areas, and the shortage of food has forced them to contact domestic mice and humans, thus spreading animal epidemics to humans. By the end of 1346, an unprecedented infectious disease was known to be sweeping across the east in the main port cities of the Mediterranean. The air in the east is dirty, miasma is pervasive and life is poisoned.

The Arab writer Ibn Al-Valdi witnessed the Black Death in Aleppo and died in 1349. He described that the disease started from the "black land". This region is Central Asia or Mongolia, not China. This infectious disease has been raging there for 15 years.

Maqrizi was a famous Egyptian writer during the Mamluk Empire. He wrote many important works about the Black Death in the Middle East. Although he was not from that era, in his intermittent description of the origin of this infectious disease, he told us that it had been raging in the land of great Khan before it spread to Egypt. This area is probably Mongolia or northern China. According to Maqrizi, there are about 300 tribes of these heretics. They died in summer and winter while grazing for unknown reasons: horses and people died. Heavy rain in Khitai area drowned animals and livestock. Qidan, a place between Yanjing and North Korea, has become a desert. In three months, 16 emperors died, and a large number of soldiers in Khan Mongolia also died. Until the king (literate Sect? In August of the third year, Benzi and his son died of illness. China's population has been greatly reduced under the attack of infectious diseases, and many people have died in India.

Michael W. Dolce (1977): The Black Death in the Middle East, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp39-4 1 ..

In short, whether Mongolia is the same as Japanese aggression depends mainly on cultural inheritance. From this perspective, the Yuan Dynasty was just another minority rule in the history of China. China's culture did not die out in the Yuan Dynasty, on the contrary, it developed in the Yuan Dynasty.

Another: Correct a common misunderstanding. The Yuan Dynasty was different from Mongolia. Mongolia had four big men, and the Yuan Dynasty was just one of them. Therefore, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was not the largest in China, 1.200, which was less than that of the Qing Dynasty.

Refutation: The darkest dynasty in China's history (the crime of Dayuan)