The formation characteristics of Hakka clans

The formation of Hakka clan has four indispensable characteristics, namely:

1. Hakka ancestors with clear context;

2. There are specific geographical conditions;

3. It has a special historical era;

4. Have a unique Hakka culture; It is extremely important to study the composition of Hakka ancestors, which is the primary problem in defining Hakka clans.

Hakka ancestors, mainly Han people who migrated from the Central Plains to the south, combined with the indigenous people and ethnic minorities in western Fujian (including Ninghua, Liu Qing and Mingxi counties in Sanming today) and became the Hakka ancestors who formed the Hakka clan in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. After a long period of integration and development, due to the advantages in quantity, economy and culture of the Han people who moved south, they assimilated the local indigenous people and ethnic minorities and became Hakkas. This ethnic group combines the blood and culture of indigenous and ethnic minorities, but the blood and culture of the Han nationality are the mainstream, which does not affect that this ethnic group is a branch of the Han nationality. This has become the knowledge of most Hakka researchers.

In the winter of 755 (the 14th year of Tang Tianbao), "An Shi Rebellion" broke out. An Lushan and Shi Siming led the insurgents across North China, pointing to Chang 'an. Emperor Tang Ming and his ministers fled Chang 'an in a hurry and arrived at Maweipo in the south. Eight years of fierce fighting has brought serious damage to China's most densely populated Central Plains. Hebei bears the brunt. "Agriculture, mulberry and Jingyi can't live in peace, and the same flesh and blood can't protect each other." East of Luoyang, Xuzhou is even worse. "The palace was burned, and there was no one in the miles, and it was destroyed. No ankles. " "Bianhe is also a desolate land, with a vast territory and a sparse population. In Guanzhong area, the wells are bleak and there is nothing left. "

Driven by the war, the Han people in the Central Plains fled to the relatively peaceful areas in the south, and some of them have reached the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Huang Chao Uprising broke out in 874 (the first year of Tang Ganfu). Previously, the Tang Dynasty was very corrupt and the social situation was turbulent. The peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao was the total outbreak of various social contradictions at the end of the Tang Dynasty, so its scale and the number of responders far exceeded any uprising. Due to the lack of a solid base, this uprising was called "rogue uprising" by historians, which lasted 10 years and spread all over Henan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces 1 1. He moved to Jiangnan twice and captured Fuzhou, Guangdong, Guizhou, Tanzhou, Cao Zhou, Jiangling and other places. The longest activity time and the most frequent round-trip is the Huanghuai River Basin, so the war disaster in Henan and Anhui is the most serious.

In order to suppress the uprising, the Tang Dynasty mobilized a large number of troops to chase, block, intercept, burn, kill and rob along the way. "After the Huang Chao Uprising Army (884) was destroyed by officers and men, the people failed to live and work in peace." "Some insurgents even incorporated the defeated rebels to strive for self-improvement, and some rebel leaders rallied for hegemony after betraying Huang Chao." "The court also lost control of the powerful buffer region strongmen. So the strongmen in various provinces and towns started a melee in order to grab the land and claim the king. " "The worst melee is the Huanghuai River Basin, especially Henan."

The Central Plains was in turmoil and the people were displaced. The only choice for the refugees in Huang-Huai river basin is to return to the south escape road of Han people in Central Plains after Yongjia Rebellion. As a result, refugees and defeated soldiers swarmed south and found southeast Jiangxi with relatively broad living space as a breakthrough. Some refugees who are tired of the war in the Central Plains and have no intention of returning to the north have mostly arrived at the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and some have arrived once or many times, and finally found an ideal place where they can live and work in peace and contentment. Located at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi, Ninghua Stone Wall became an important transit point and one of the important gathering places for Hakkas to recuperate in the early days.

The late Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty were the climax of the Han people's southward migration. Before that, including the Qin and Han dynasties, some Han people had moved south to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. From then until the end of the Song Dynasty, several climaxes of Han people's southward migration, such as Jin Bing's invasion of Song Nandu and Yuan Bing's invasion of Song Dynasty, triggered the climax of Han people's southward migration. The Han people who moved south also included the Han people who were engaged in politics, business or seeking a more favorable development environment in the Central Plains. Han people entered the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and combined with local aborigines and ethnic minorities to become Hakka ancestors.

All these show that the formation of Hakka ancestors is the premise of cultivating Hakkas in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and the key to cultivating Hakkas is people. Why can't the Han people who migrated to the south form Hakka clans in other areas, but in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi? There are roughly the following two aspects:

1. When the surrounding political environment is turbulent, the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi is a relatively stable place.

Since the late Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains has been troubled and the south of the Yangtze River has been relatively stable. China's economic center moved southward, mainly because of foreign invasion or famine, or natural and man-made disasters such as military disasters. The population distribution also shifted to the southeast, and the Han people in Guanzhong and Zhongyuan were forced to move south to save their lives.

After the death of the Tang Dynasty, the five generations of the Central Plains changed, the situation remained turbulent, and ten neighboring countries rose. Looking at the surrounding environment of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, "although the formation of Hakka clans has nothing to do with the five dynasties, it is located in the area south of Nantang, west of Wang Min, east of Machu and north of Nanhan, that is, the transitional zone of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces." The integration forces of the separatist regimes can neither dominate them, but also fit to surround them.

For example, western Fujian, from the beginning of Tang Kaiyuan to Tingzhou Prefecture, was under the jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty, instead of being under the jurisdiction of a vassal king like a few areas in the northwest and southwest. During this period, it was made by Wang Min in the Five Dynasties, but most officials of Wang Chao and Wang Xiao Court were Han people from Henan.

Therefore, the Han people in the Central Plains have been deeply rooted in this area, and the local aborigines and "Sandumuk" have also been sinicized to some extent. The local economic and cultural outlook has improved, and the resistance to the Han people has also greatly weakened. The situation that "Huangliandong was surrounded by 20,000 Tingzhou" did not happen again, and the local indigenous people even opened their hearts to accept the Han compatriots who had taken refuge.

The above is the surrounding political environment conducive to the formation and development of Hakkas.

2. The natural environment around Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi is easy to live and work in peace and contentment, which is conducive to the formation of Hakkas.

The borders of western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi are connected, and they all belong to typical hilly areas. The territory is covered with mountains, valleys and rivers criss-crossing, and large and small basins are dotted with warm climate and abundant rainfall. There are many similarities between the three regions, and these regions have certain advantages in economic development, so that Han people who moved south can live and work here. This is the natural geographical environment that Hakkas can form here.

First, it is suitable for developing grain production and cash crops. At that time, due to relatively more arable land, the grain was suitable for cash crops, with a warm climate and a long frost-free period. In particular, there are abundant water sources. These tourists live in high mountains, and the water system, mountains and rivers and basins in the area are scattered and orderly. Many rivers of different sizes originate from their places, the upper reaches of Ganjiang River and Jiulong River, and the birthplaces of Tingjiang River, Minjiang River and Meijiang River.

Tingjiang River and Meijiang River meet to form the Han River, and these basins have given birth to Hakkas. In the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, the rivers are relatively narrow, which is convenient for building small-scale water conservancy for agriculture and processing industry. In the period when productivity is very backward, large and medium-sized water conservancy projects are generally not built. There is also income from the production of wood and bamboo materials to supplement the needs of life. It is relatively easy to move Han people to these places and solve their living problems.

The mineral resources in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi are still relatively rich, but at that time, limited by the level of productivity, only a small amount was simply developed and utilized, which also increased part of the income and solved the needs of life. There are iron, coal, tungsten, gold, copper, silver, tin, lead, limestone and other resources in the area, especially limestone resources in western Fujian are very rich, some of which have been developed and utilized, and generally only raw materials or primary products are sold.

The Zijinshan gold mine in Shanghang has good ore quality, high oxidation degree and abundant reserves. "Jinshan began to produce gold, and when Emperor Yangdi arrived (1053), Zhongshu prepared 167 tribute." 1102-1106 (during the reign of Song Chongning), it was discovered that there were three ponds in Jinshan, which could be used to smelt pig iron into copper. However, since the Song Dynasty, Shanghang has ended the history of gold production. Why don't you dig for gold? It must be that the technology is not good, the context is unclear, and you give up without benefits.

Traffic, Gannan is better, the river is the Ganjiang River system, and water transport can be connected with the Yangtze River. By land, Gannan is the only way for the Central Plains to reach Lingnan. The traffic conditions in western Fujian are poor, in the southwest corner of Fujian. Therefore, several important traffic lines connecting Fujian with the Central Plains and Jianghuai in ancient times were not close to each other and separated by mountains. Hakka dwellings in eastern Guangdong are mainly mountainous and hilly, and the transportation is inconvenient. It is neither on the traffic line from the Central Plains to Lingnan nor near the sea. In addition, it is far from Lingnan, the political and economic center, and more desolate than western Fujian. Such traffic conditions make it difficult for external forces to come in, and they don't want to stay here for a long time, which is also a special geographical condition formed by Hakkas. Hakka clan was formed on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which is generally recognized by researchers as the Five Dynasties to the end of the Song Dynasty or the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Luo Xianglin used official history, folk genealogy, local household registration changes, folk surveys and other materials to discuss the origin and composition of Hakka people and the time when Han people moved south. This is a special historical time.

During the late Tang Dynasty, the early Song Dynasty and the Song and Yuan Dynasties, natural and man-made disasters continued in the Central Plains and Huanghuai areas, and Han refugees flooded south and entered the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in large numbers. The rapid increase of population and the addition of counties in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi also confirmed that the Han people moved south and became the era of political shock of Hakka ancestors. By the end of the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong had greatly increased. According to the records of Jiajing Ganzhou in Ming Dynasty, from 6 18 to 626 (during the reign of Tang Wude), there were only 8,994 households with 39,900 people in southern Jiangxi. By the year 820 (15th year of Tang and Yuan Dynasties), there were only 26,260 households in Gannan (see Yuan Jun County Records). By1102-1106 (during the period of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty), it had soared to 310/53 households, with a population exceeding one million.

During the 280 years from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the registered permanent residence increased by about 1 1 times, which was not caused by natural proliferation, indicating that Gannan accepted a large number of Han people to move south during this period. Another example is that in 742 (the first year of Tang Tianbao), there were 4,682 households15,720 people in Lin Ting County (formerly known as Tingzhou, which governed Changting, Longyan and Ninghua counties). From 806 to 820 (Yuanhe Year), there were more than 3,000 households in three counties. By 1078 ~ 1085 (Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty), the total number of households in Changting, Ninghua, Shanghang, Wuping and Longyan reached 106573, an increase of 22 times in just over 200 years.

1 195 ~ 1200 (during the first year of the Qing dynasty) to 1253 ~ 1258 (during the baodu period of the southern song dynasty), there were 223,432 households in six counties in Tingzhou (see 979 (the fourth year of the northern song dynasty) to 9832. They merged and assimilated with the local people to form the Hakka clan, which is called Hakka with its unique dialect customs.

Due to the rapid increase of population and economic development, the number of state and county institutions has increased. Before the late Tang Dynasty, there were seven county-level regimes in Gannan, and six in the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty, reaching as many as 13. Tingzhou, western Fujian, was only included in the Song Dynasty as Changting and Ninghua counties after the demise of the Southern Tang Dynasty, but in 994 (the fifth year of Chunhua), Shanghang and Wuping, the former Changting county, were promoted to counties. During the Five Dynasties in eastern Guangdong and the Southern Han Dynasty, Chengxiang County was set aside to set up Jingzhou. In the Song Dynasty, it was changed to Meizhou, and the four counties of Heyuan, Guishan, Boluo and Haifeng in the south of Zhou Xun merged into one state. In the triangle where Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces are connected, the original social development was backward. In a special historical period, Han immigrants with higher economic and cultural level moved in. In the process of migration, Han immigrants absorbed some cultures on the way at that time. After arriving in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, these Han immigrants, by virtue of their numbers and economic and cultural advantages, were in a dominant position in the struggle and integration with the mixed indigenous and ethnic minorities and assimilated them.

In the process of assimilation, it also absorbed the economic and cultural characteristics of aborigines and formed Hakka culture. Most indigenous people have been assimilated into a new human race.

In this process of contradictory struggle and mutual integration, Hakka culture was born. Hakka culture not only retains the traditional cultural features of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, but also has strong local feelings of Hakka in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. This Hakka culture is neither the old culture of the aborigines in this area, nor is it completely similar to the inherent culture before the Han immigrants.

The Tingjiang River valley at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, is the best place for refugees in the Central Plains to escape the scourge of war, and it is also a good place for Han immigrants to recuperate. However, under the conditions at that time, it was a hard exploration for immigrants to reclaim land, build canals for irrigation, build houses for shelter and open up traffic. At this point, they feel that they have finally found a good place for "lush grass and colorful English". So I made up my mind to build a village with "houses like dreams" and "fertile land and beautiful ponds and bamboos". These are the basis for the mature development of Hakka culture and the important factors for the formation and consolidation of unique Hakka culture.

The border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi have traces of ancestral activities in ancient times, and also have their own unique culture of snake worship. However, after the Central Plains entered a highly civilized and developed feudal society, northerners began to enter, and counties were placed under the jurisdiction of the state, Baiyue indigenous people on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi were still in a semi-fishing and hunting farming society with extremely low productivity because of "many mountains and obstacles, impassable boats and cars, few merchants and remote land". Although the aborigines in these places are called Miao, Man, Liao, Dong or Muke, they are not all later She people. Because of the same slash-and-burn agricultural technology, they are collectively called She people or She people.

With the frequent wars in the northern part of the Central Plains for a long time, and the wave of migration to the south caused by disasters, more and more Han brothers finally came to the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, bringing splendid Chinese civilization. In the basic residence on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, Han immigrants come from the Central Plains and Jianghuai, and are more advanced in economy and culture than indigenous people in terms of economic life customs, social consciousness, religious beliefs and language art.

Indigenous people and immigrants learned the skills of building houses and farming from the Han people, and ended the life of slash-and-burn cultivation and rotation cultivation forever. At the same time, the Han people who moved south also learned the characteristics of production and life from the local ethnic minorities and absorbed them into the production and life culture. In this ancient and magical land, it has become the home of Han people and local aborigines. Being on the same track as China, * * * got on the train of Chinese civilization. Thus forming a unique Hakka culture.

Hakka dialect is a major symbol of Hakka ethnic group, and it is the only language of Hakka ethnic group that does not need local names. After its formation, it spread to the later Hakka settlements (at home and abroad).

The characteristics of Hakkas are indispensable. Without which, Hakkas cannot be formed. Both are indispensable, and nothing else can replace them.

After the formation of the border between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, Hakka people gradually migrated home and abroad after a long period of reproduction and development. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, on the one hand, the Hakka population gradually expanded, on the other hand, Manchu tribes entered the Central Plains. After resisting the inability of the Qing Dynasty to settle in, the Hakkas migrated alone again and were forced to disperse in several provinces and cities. Later, some people moved to Sichuan and other places destroyed by military disasters to reclaim land for farming. Due to the increasing number of Hakkas and poor mountain conditions, Hakkas have moved south to Leizhou, Qinzhou, Chaoshan and other places, and traveled across the ocean to Hongkong, Macau, Taiwan Province Province, Nanyang Islands, and even as far away as Europe and America, resulting in worldwide migration, so there are Hakkas all over the country and all over the world.