What does the ancient road in the material mean? When and by whom was it first opened?

The ancient road refers to the ancient tea-horse road.

There are three ancient tea-horse roads in China:

The first is the Shaanxi-Gansu Tea-Horse Ancient Road, which is the main road for Chinese mainland tea to return to Malaysia westward.

The second is the ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, Kangzang (ancient road), which was mainly opened by Shaanxi people. Records of Ming Taizu (Volume 25 1) records: "Tea from Qin and Shu, from Diaomen, Li and Ya, is at most dry and hidden, and it takes more than 5,000 miles. People in this land can't live without this for a day. " It is enough to explain the large demand and wide range of tea at that time;

The third ancient tea-horse road in Yunnan and Tibet.

The Shaanxi-Gansu tea-horse ancient road is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road. The main means of transportation is camel. Tea horse refers to selling tea to horses (tea and horses here are commodities).

The ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, Kangzang and Tibet, which started in the Han Dynasty, was formed by the exchanges between Shaanxi merchants and tea-horses in the ancient southwest frontier. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government controlled the sale of tea and divided different regions. The most prosperous tea-horse trading market is in Kangding, which is called the ancient tea-horse road. Therefore, Kangzang, the ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, was able to sell tea all over the country at that time.

The Sichuan-Tibet tea-horse ancient road is a part of the Shaanxi-Kangcha-horse ancient road. It starts from Ya 'an in the east, the tea-producing area in Yazhou, passes through Arrow Furnace (now Kangding), reaches Lhasa in Tibet in the west, and finally reaches Bhutan, Nepal and India. It has a total length of nearly 4,000 kilometers and a history of over 1300 years. With profound historical accumulation and cultural heritage, it is an indispensable bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the mainland.

The ancient tea-horse road in Yunnan and Tibet was formed in the late 6th century. It started in Yiwu and Pu 'er, the main tea-producing areas in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, and passed through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang City and Shangri-La, then entered Tibet and went straight to Lhasa. Some also re-exported India and Nepal from Tibet, which was an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia. Pu 'er is a unique commodity producing area and transit distribution center on the ancient tea-horse road with a long history.

Originated from the Tang and Song Dynasties, "tea-horse exchange".

According to historical records, China tea first spread overseas, which can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, China merchants exported tea to Turkey by bartering tea at the Mongolian border.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the development of the border trade market and the opening of the Silk Road, China tea was transported to West Asia, North Asia, Arabia and other countries through Uighur and Western Regions, and finally reached Russian and European countries.

Since the Tang Dynasty, rulers of all dynasties have taken active measures to control the tea-horse trade. From the first year of Tang Suzong to Germany (AD 756) to the first year of the Millennium, the Mongolian Uighur region promoted the horse tea market and created a precedent for tea-horse trade.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the tea-horse trade was mainly in Shaanxi and Gansu, Yima's tea was taken from Sichuan and Sichuan, and tea-horse purchasing companies were established in Chengdu and Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu).

The Yuan government abolished the tea-horse border management policy in the Song Dynasty.

By the Ming dynasty, the tea-horse policy was restored and strengthened, and it was regarded as an important means to rule the people of all ethnic groups in northwest China. During the Hongwu period in Ming Taizu, one excellent horse changed 120 Jin of tea at most. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, a first-class horse was appointed to exchange tea for 30 times, with an average of 20 times 15. Tang Xianzu, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the poem Tea Horse: "Black tea is beautiful, but Ma Qiang is different." "Ma Qiang and yellow tea, flax asks for golden beads." It shows the prosperity of the tea-horse trading market at that time.

In the Qing Dynasty, the management policy of tea-horse border was relaxed, and private tea merchants increased. In the tea-horse trade, you spend more tea and get less horses. In the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, the official tea-horse trading system was terminated.

The border management system of tea-horse trade began in Sui and Tang Dynasties and ended in Qing Dynasty, which has experienced nearly a thousand years of vicissitudes. In the long trading years of the tea-horse market, China Merchants has made a rugged and continuous tea-horse ancient road with its own feet in the northwest and southwest.