What are Chekhov's works?

Chekhov's early works are mostly short stories, such as Fat Man and Thin Man (1883), Death of a Shop Assistant (1883), Distress (1886) and Fanka (1886). 1890, after he visited Sakhalin Island, the exile place of political prisoners, he created works that showed major social problems, such as the Sixth District (1892), which lashed out at the tyranny of the czar. A House with an Attic (1896) exposes the destruction of youth, talent and happiness in Russian society. His novels are short and pithy, concise and simple, compact in structure, vivid in plot, humorous in style, vivid in language and profound in meaning. He is good at discovering people and things with typical significance from daily life, making artistic generalization through humorous plots, and shaping a complete typical image to reflect the Russian society at that time. His masterpiece "The Chameleon" and "The Man in the Condom", the former has become synonymous with have it both ways, while the latter is good at camouflage and speculation; The latter has become a symbol of the conformist, timid and afraid of change.

Chekhov turned to drama in his later creation: his main works include Ivanov (1887), Seagull (1896), Uncle Vanya (1896) and Three Sisters (190/kloc). His plays are full of lyrical flavor and rich subtext, which is memorable.

Willow stands for fat man and thin man.

In the hypnotic performance, the bad boy (the death of the shopkeeper, the chameleon (selected in the second volume of the ninth grade Chinese book), my "her"

Pulling radish (imitating fairy tales), mask, oyster and necessary prelude.

Fiancee and dad, little people, premeditated criminals and men I know.

Sergeant Prishbeyev, sad, distressed and happy ending.

The story of Kashtanka, playing tricks, singing girls and on nails

Jumping women, speakers, Fanka and surgery.

Anna around her neck, beggars, lottery tickets, baby dogs

A house with an attic, an accident, a bet, exile

Nightingale concert, farmers, trapped people, the sixth district

Gooseberry, Yao Neiqi and Coward

works appreciation

chameleon

Police officer Ralph, wearing a new military coat and carrying a small bag, walked across the market square. He was followed by a policeman with reddish-brown hair, holding a Luo sieve full of confiscated gooseberry. The air was quiet ... there was no one in the square. Shops and hotels open their doors and listlessly face the world created by God, like hungry mouths. There is not even a beggar in front of the shop.

"How dare you bite, damn it!" Ralph suddenly heard a voice. "Guys, don't let go! Biting people can't be done now Grab it! Oh, ... Oh! " The dog screamed. Ralph looked over there and saw a dog running out of Petrucci's firewood yard, running on three legs and looking back. Behind it, a man chased out, wearing a starched cotton shirt and an open vest. He chased the dog, leaned forward, threw himself on the ground and grabbed the dog's hind legs. Then came the barking of dogs and the shouts of people: "Don't let it get away!" " Sleepy faces came out of the shop one after another, and soon a group of people gathered at the door of the firewood yard, as if they had come out of the ground.

"It seems that something had happened, Sir! "said the policeman.

Ralph turned slightly to the left and walked towards the crowd. At the gate of the firewood yard, he saw the man with a vest standing there, raising his right hand and showing a bloody finger to the group. His half-drunk face showed this expression: "I'll skin you, bad guy!" " "The finger itself is like a banner of victory. Ralph recognized the man as a jeweler khryukin. The culprit of this mess is a small white retriever with a pointed face and a yellow spot on his back. At this time, he sat on the ground in the middle of the crowd, his front legs split and he was shaking all over. Its tearful eyes reveal distress and fear.

"What happened here?" Ralph pushed his way into the crowd and asked. "What are you doing here? Why are you sticking up your fingers? ..... Who is shouting? "

"I was just about to go my own way, Sir. I didn't recruit anyone or provoke anyone ... "Khryukin coughed with his empty fist. "I'm talking to Mitterrand? Mitric was talking about firewood. Suddenly, this bad thing bit my finger for no reason. ..... Please forgive me, I am a working person. ..... I am meticulous in my work. I have to pay for this, because I may not be able to move this finger for a week. ..... legally speaking, sir, there is no such thing, saying that people have to endure the harm of animals. ..... If everyone is bitten by a dog, it is better not to live in this world. ……"

"well! ..... Yes, ... "Ralph said sternly, coughing and moving his eyebrows. "yes. ..... Whose dog is this? I can't let this happen. I will give some color to those who let the dogs out to make trouble! Now it's time to control those lords who don't want to obey the law! When the fine is paid, he will understand what will happen if animals such as dogs are released! I'll take a good look at him ... the police officer shouted to the patrolman, "Go and see whose dog this is and report it to the police!" This dog must be killed. No delay! This is mostly a mad dog. ..... I ask you: Whose dog is this? "

"This dog seems to belong to General Zhygalov!" A man in the crowd said.

"General Zhygalov's house? Hmm! ..... You, Yelinder, take off my coat. ..... It's so hot! It may rain. ..... just one thing I don't understand: how did it bite you? " Ralph said to Khrukin. "It can reach your fingers? Short, but you, you know, so tall! Most of your fingers were punctured by small nails, and then you whimsically asked others to compensate you. People like you ... everyone knows what it is! I know you demons! "

"He, sir, poked his cigar in its face and made fun of it. He wouldn't be a fool, so he bit him. ..... He is a boring man, sir! "

"You talk nonsense, cyclops! You can't see with your eyes. Why are you talking nonsense? The officer is a wise man. He can see who is talking nonsense and who speaks according to his conscience as before God. ..... If I want to talk nonsense, let the mediation judge judge me. His laws are clear. ..... everyone is equal now. ..... To tell you the truth, ... my brother is a gendarme. ……"

"Cut the crap!"

"No, this dog doesn't belong to the general's family ..." The policeman said thoughtfully. "The general home without such a dog. Most of his dogs are big hounds. ……"

"Are you sure?"

"Certainly, Sir. ……"

"I know it myself. The general's dogs are very rare and excellent. What about this dog? God knows what it is! The coat color is not good, and the appearance is not good ... it is completely despicable. ..... His old man will keep such a dog? ! What about your brain? Do you know what would happen if you met such a dog in Petersburg or Moscow? There don't care what laws are illegal, they died in the blink of an eye! You, khryukin, have suffered a lot, and you can't let it go. ..... We must teach them a lesson! It is time. ……"

"But it could be the general's dog ..." The policeman spoke his mind. "It's not written on his face. ..... I saw such a dog in his yard the other day. "

"Yes, it belongs to the general's family!" Someone in the crowd said.

"well! ..... Ye Linde, put on your coat for me. ..... It seems to be windy. ..... the weather is very cold. ..... You take this dog to the general's house to ask. ..... You can say that I found this dog and gave it to you. ..... you said not to put it on the street in the future. Maybe it is a rare dog. If every pig sticks a cigar in his face, it won't take long to humiliate him to death. Dogs are fragile animals. ..... You idiot, put your hand down! There's no need to show your stupid fingers! It's your own fault! ……"

"The general's chef is here. Let's ask him. ... Hey, Prohor! Come here, dear! Look at this dog. ..... is it your home? "

"A shot in the dark! We have never had such a dog there! "

"Then don't bother to ask," Ralph said. "This is a wild dog! Needless to say. ..... Since he said it was a wild dog, it was a wild dog. ..... kill it. "

"This dog doesn't belong to our family," Prohor continued. "But this is the dog of the general's brother. He came to see us a few days ago. Our general does not like this kind of dog. His brother likes it. ……"

"His old man's brother is here? Ulargui Mill? Ivanic is here? " Ralph asked, his whole face full of excitement. "Too good, Lord! I don't know yet! Is he coming to stay for a while? "

"Stay for a while. ……"

"Too good, Lord! ..... he's thinking about his brother. ..... but I don't know yet! Is this his father's dog? I am very happy. ..... you take it. ..... this puppy is very good. ..... very clever. ..... It bit this guy's finger! Ha ha ha ha! ..... Hey, why are you shaking? Ouch, ... ouch. ..... It's angry, little villain, ... What a puppy ... "

Prohor called the dog and left the forest with it. ..... those people laughed at khryukin.

"I will punish you sooner or later!" Ralph threatened him, then wrapped his coat tightly and continued to patrol the market square.

References:

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Brief introduction of Chekhov

Anton pavlovich Chekhov (антонпавловичехо1074/kloc. 1860 65438+1was born in taganrog, rostov state on October 29th. Grandfather was a redeemed serf. Father opened a grocery store, 1876 went bankrupt and the whole family moved to Moscow. However, Chekhov stayed alone in Taganrog, making a living as a tutor and continuing his studies. 65438-0879 entered the medical department of Moscow University. 1884 After graduation, he practiced medicine in Rhodes, Vignau and other places, got in touch with civilians extensively and learned about life, which had a good influence on his literary creation. 1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenweiler, a German hot spring resort in Black Forest, for treatment because of the worsening pneumonia, and died in July 15. He, French Mo Bosang and American O Henry are called the three great short story masters.

Strictly speaking, Chekhov is not "writing" a novel, or like a writer in our usual sense, he is "spitting" a novel and "streaming" a novel. He doesn't have to make up stories, and he doesn't even want to conceive. His story echoed in the air. He can start from any angle and stop from any chapter, but it is seamless and naturally bonded. His characters come uninvited, and his plot comes at random. It seems that as long as he picks up a pen, it is like turning on the tap, and the novel will flow out like water. ...

The reason why Chekhov can "flow" novels at will lies in his unique narrative method. This narrative way is a happy-go-lucky life, which is pursued with eyes and ears, and the words flow like the notes of a brush. Fast-paced, simple, natural and simple constitute a pure style of writing, which is straightforward, highly concentrated and concise, and adds charm to the work.

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Chekhov's experience

From 65438 to 1980 in Russia, the reactionary censorship of books and periodicals was unprecedentedly strict, and vulgar and boring humorous publications were all the rage. Chekhov often contributes to such magazines (such as Dragonfly and Fragments) under the pseudonym Antonsha Chekhon. The short story A Letter to a Learned Neighbor (1880) What are the most common novels, such as humorous sketches, novels and novellas? (1880) is his early published work. Before the mid-1980s, he wrote a large number of humorous sketches and short stories, many of which were worthless jokes and funny stories, but there were also some excellent works, which inherited the fine democratic tradition of Russian literature and criticized the ugly phenomenon of society at that time, such as writing about petty officials who bullied others (On a Nail, Death of a Clerk, Victory of the Winner), all of which were 65,438+. The gentry and lords who abused the weak (English woman 1883), the slave bones of have it both ways (chameleon 1884), and the defenders of autocratic system (Sergeant Priscilla Beyev 1885). However, due to his lack of livelihood and experience, he mainly wanted to hurry up and produce more. 1886 in March, the famous writer Grigorovic wrote to demand respect for his talent. He was deeply inspired and began to take creation seriously. 1886' s Fanka, Distress and Longing for Sleep show the writer's deep sympathy for the poor workers. 1888 published the famous novella Prairie, which depicts and praises the nature of the motherland, ponders the fate of farmers and expresses people's desire for a happy life. The naming day (1888) and the duchess (1889) exposed the habits of hypocrisy, vanity and vulgarity. These works have made remarkable progress in ideological content and artistic skills. However, Chekhov, influenced by the petty-bourgeois environment, did not ask politics at this time, but only "wanted to be a free artist" and "the absolute freedom". Since 1886, he has been writing for the New Era published by reactionary scholar Suvorin. Although he got the advice of critic Mihailovski, he still kept in touch with it. 1888 10 Chekhov won half of the Pushkin Prize. At this time, he has been the author of five short stories (the story of Mel Pomney,1884; Colorful stories,1886; In the dark,1887; Naive words,1887; Collection of short stories, 1888). With the increasing reputation and status, he is strongly aware of his sense of social responsibility as a writer, and seriously thinks about the purpose of life and the significance of creation. He said: "A conscious life without a clear world outlook is not a life, but a burden and a terrible thing." This ideological image is reflected in the novella Boring Story (1889).

From this period, Chekhov began to create plays. Marriage (1890) and the harm of tobacco (1886), fool (1888), marriage proposal (1888 ~ 1889) and so on. The script Ivanov (1887 ~ 1889) criticized the "redundant people" who lacked firm belief and could not stand the test of life in the 1980s.

From April 1890 to February 18, Chekhov, who was sickly, made a long journey to sakhalin island, where the czar's government placed exiles and exiles, and investigated all the residents there and "nearly 10,000 prisoners and immigrants" one by one. The trip to Sakhalin Island improved his ideological consciousness and artistic conception. In 189 1, he said in his letter: "... if I am a writer, I need to live among the people ... I need at least a little social life and political life, even a little." He began to realize that writing for New Times would only bring him "harm", and finally broke off relations with this publication at 1893. He had a deep understanding of Russian autocracy, and wrote Sakhalin Island (1893 ~ 1894) and Exile (1892), and the most important one was Ward 6 (1892). Lenin was strongly infected after reading it, saying that he "felt terrible", so that "he couldn't stay in his room" and "he felt as if he was locked in the sixth ward".

From 1890 to 1900, Chekhov went to Milan, Venice, Vienna and Paris for recuperation and sightseeing. Since 1892, I have settled in the newly purchased Meryhovo Manor in Sherpukhov County, Moscow Province. From 65438 to 0898, Chekhov, who suffered from severe tuberculosis, moved to Yalta. 190 1 married Olga knibir, an actor of Moscow Art Theatre. In Yalta, he often met with lev tolstoy, Gorky, Bunin, kuprin and Levitan.

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Chekhov PK

19 The 1990s and the early 20th century were the heyday of Chekhov's creation. At that time, the Russian liberation movement entered a new stage of proletarian revolution. Encouraged by the revolutionary class, the democratic spirit among students and other residents gradually became active. Chekhov also gradually overcame the tendency of not asking about politics and actively participated in social activities: 1892, rescued the famine in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces; 1892 to 1893, participating in the cholera fighting work in Sherpukhov County; 1897 to participate in the census; 1898 supported the just action of the French writer Zola in defending Dreyfus, and thus alienated the relationship with Suvorin; 1902 In order to protest against the decision of the czar authorities to cancel the qualification of honorary academician of Maxim Maxim Gorky Academy of Sciences, he and Korolenko gave up the title of honorary academician of Academy of Sciences obtained in 1900; 1903 he sponsored persecuted young students to fight for democracy and freedom. His democratic stance became more and more firm, his observation of social life became more and more profound, his premonition of the brewing revolution became more and more clear, and he gradually saw a faint "fire" from the dark reality. His creation has entered a new stage. He emphasized that works of art should have clear ideas (The Seagull,1896); He came into contact with major social problems in a series of works. For example, Farmers (1897) reflects the poverty of farmers' material life and spiritual life with sober realism: extreme poverty, ignorance, backwardness and barbarism; In the Canyon (1900) also describes the rural bourgeoisie-the rich peasants' crazy plunder and cruel nature of wealth. These novels are a powerful refutation of populists who beautify the life of rural communes. The theme of exposing capitalism can also be found in The Kingdom of Women (1894) and Three Years (1895). Interview (1898) shows that the capitalist "devil" not only crushes the workers, but also tortures the conscience of the descendants of factory owners. They realize that life is meaningless and unreasonable, so they are deeply depressed. The drama Uncle Vanya (1897) describes the tragic fate of intellectuals who have no real ideals and serious goals, and their honest and selfless work eventually becomes meaningless sacrifice. The Woman with a Dog (1899) takes love as its theme, exposing vulgarity and hypocrisy, and arousing readers' "aversion to a muddled and half-dead life". A House with an Attic (1896) and My Life (1896) denied the "triviality" theory popular in 1980s and 1990s, criticized the progressive thought of liberals, and thought that a "stronger, braver and faster way of struggle" was needed to get out of daily life. His creation gradually sounded "can't live like this anymore!" Sound. In The Man in the Trap (1898), it reveals the suppression of society by reactionary forces in the 1980s, its conservatism and weakness, and lashes the habit of The Man in the Trap that existed at that time. In gooseberry (1898) and Yao Neiqi (1898), he described the emptiness and depravity of a selfish and humble person's mind, and pointed out that "what people need is not three Russian feet of land, nor a manor, but the whole earth in that vast world."

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Chekhov's life curtain call

With the further upsurge of social movements in the early 20th century, Chekhov realized that a powerful and sweeping "storm" was coming, and the bad habits of laziness, indifference and aversion to labor in society would be swept away. He praised labor and hoped that everyone would use their own labor to prepare for a better future (three sisters, 1900~ 190 1). The Bride (1903), written on the eve of the revolution in 1905, expressed the desire to "turn over a new leaf" and move towards a new life. The script cherry orchard (1903~ 1904) shows the inevitable decline of the nobility and its historical process of being replaced by the emerging bourgeoisie, and at the same time shows the optimism of resolutely bidding farewell to the past and yearning for a happy future: the axe sound of cherry orchard's logging is accompanied by "Long live the new life!" Cheers. However, because Chekhov's ideological position has never gone beyond the scope of democracy, the newcomers in his works do not know the only way to create a new life, and the "new life" they yearn for is always just a hazy vision.

1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenweiler, a hot spring resort in Germany, for treatment. He died in July of 15. Before he died, his wife poured him a glass of champagne. He said in German that I was going to die. Then he smiled at his wife with a lovely smile, then he drank the glass of champagne calmly and lay on the sofa on his side.

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Chekhov's artistic achievements

Chekhov created a lyrical psychological novel with unique style and concise and delicate art. He intercepted ordinary fragments of daily life, described and portrayed life and characters with exquisite artistic details, and showed important social contents from it. This kind of novel is lyrical, expressing his dissatisfaction with ugly reality and longing for a better future, and integrating praise and criticism, joy and pain into the image system of his works. He believes that "the sister of genius is concise" and "the ability to write is the ability to delete poor writing". He advocated "objective" narrative, saying that "the more objective, the deeper the impression". He trusts readers' imagination and understanding ability, and advocates readers to ponder the meaning of works from the image system.

The theme, tendency and style of Chekhov's drama creation are basically similar to his lyric psychological novels. He does not pursue bizarre twists and turns, but describes ordinary daily life and characters, from which he reveals important aspects of social life. Chekhov's plays are rich in subtext and lyricism. His realism is full of inspiring power and profound symbolic significance. Seagull and cherry orchard are his original artistic symbols. Stanislavski, Danchenko and Moscow Art Theatre (founded in 1898) cooperated creatively with Chekhov and made great innovations in stage art.

Chekhov occupies a place in world literature. He is as famous as Mo Bosang for his short stories. Many writers in Europe and America have talked about the influence of Chekhov's creation on 20th century literature. In China, shortly after Chekhov's death, novels such as Pastor in Black and Ward 6 were translated and introduced. His plays Hai Ou, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard were translated into Chinese by Zheng Zhenduo and Cao Jinghua on 192 1 and 1925 respectively. Later, Lu Xun Art Academy performed Fool, Proposal and Memorial Day in Yan 'an. Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Guo Moruo and Ba Jin all discussed Chekhov. Almost all his novels and plays are translated into Chinese. Chekhov (1860~ 1904) was a great Russian critical realist writer in the 9th century. He was born in an ordinary citizen's family. He finished middle school as a tutor, 1879 studied medicine at Moscow university, and 1884 began to write literature after graduation.

[Edit this paragraph]

Chekhov's life curtain call

With the further upsurge of social movements in the early 20th century, Chekhov realized that a powerful and sweeping "storm" was coming, and the bad habits of laziness, indifference and aversion to labor in society would be swept away. He praised labor and hoped that everyone would use their own labor to prepare for a better future (three sisters, 1900~ 190 1). The Bride (1903), written on the eve of the revolution in 1905, expressed the desire to "turn over a new leaf" and move towards a new life. The script cherry orchard (1903~ 1904) shows the inevitable decline of the nobility and its historical process of being replaced by the emerging bourgeoisie, and at the same time shows the optimism of resolutely bidding farewell to the past and yearning for a happy future: the axe sound of cherry orchard's logging is accompanied by "Long live the new life!" Cheers. However, because Chekhov's ideological position has never gone beyond the scope of democracy, the newcomers in his works do not know the only way to create a new life, and the "new life" they yearn for is always just a hazy vision.

1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenweiler, a hot spring resort in Germany, for treatment. He died in July of 15. Before he died, his wife poured him a glass of champagne. He said in German that I was going to die. Then he smiled at his wife with a lovely smile, then he drank the glass of champagne calmly and lay on the sofa on his side.

[Edit this paragraph]

Chekhov's artistic achievements

Chekhov created a lyrical psychological novel with unique style and concise and delicate art. He intercepted ordinary fragments of daily life, described and portrayed life and characters with exquisite artistic details, and showed important social contents from it. This kind of novel is lyrical, expressing his dissatisfaction with ugly reality and longing for a better future, and integrating praise and criticism, joy and pain into the image system of his works. He believes that "the sister of genius is concise" and "the ability to write is the ability to delete poor writing". He advocated "objective" narrative, saying that "the more objective, the deeper the impression". He trusts readers' imagination and understanding ability, and advocates readers to ponder the meaning of works from the image system.

The theme, tendency and style of Chekhov's drama creation are basically similar to his lyric psychological novels. He does not pursue bizarre twists and turns, but describes ordinary daily life and characters, from which he reveals important aspects of social life. Chekhov's plays are rich in subtext and lyricism. His realism is full of inspiring power and profound symbolic significance. Seagull and cherry orchard are his original artistic symbols. Stanislavski, Danchenko and Moscow Art Theatre (founded in 1898) cooperated creatively with Chekhov and made great innovations in stage art.

Chekhov occupies a place in world literature. He is as famous as Mo Bosang for his short stories. Many writers in Europe and America have talked about the influence of Chekhov's creation on 20th century literature. In China, shortly after Chekhov's death, novels such as Pastor in Black and Ward 6 were translated and introduced. His plays Hai Ou, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard were translated into Chinese by Zheng Zhenduo and Cao Jinghua on 192 1 and 1925 respectively. Later, Lu Xun Art Academy performed Fool, Proposal and Memorial Day in Yan 'an. Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Guo Moruo and Ba Jin all discussed Chekhov. Almost all his novels and plays are translated into Chinese. Chekhov (1860~ 1904) was a great Russian critical realist writer in the 9th century. He was born in an ordinary citizen's family. He finished middle school as a tutor, 1879 studied medicine at Moscow university, and 1884 began to write literature after graduation.

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