The difference between Rugao dialect and Mandarin dialect

Rugao dialect, simply speaking, is Rugao dialect. It belongs to the Tairu dialect of Jianghuai Mandarin. It is greatly influenced by Wu dialect and is also related to Gan dialect and Hakka dialect.

Mandarin, that is, modern standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin and Chinese, refers to the most common language spoken in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese. It is the most popular communication language in modern Chinese. Spoken and written language. Mandarin is based on the grammar of modern northern Chinese and the pronunciation of Beijing dialect, and is used as the standard language for official, teaching, media, etc. It is the official language of the Republic of China and Taiwan, and one of the four official languages ??of the Republic of Singapore. one. The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language" establishes the legal status of Mandarin and standardized Chinese characters as the "standard spoken and written national language" (non-official language).

The Rugao dialect belongs to the Jianghuai dialect and is connected to Taizhou. The vocabulary characteristics of Rugao are basically the same as those of the Taizhou dialect. Here we focus on the differences in basic vocabulary between Rugao dialect and Mandarin, taking into account special words that are not basic vocabulary.

(1) Basic Vocabulary

According to the 1230 basic vocabulary items of modern Mandarin Chinese and 20 representative points of major dialects collected in Peking University's "Chinese Dialect Vocabulary" (Second Edition) Judging from the situation reflected, Rugao dialect is most closely related to Jianghuai Mandarin, followed by Southwest Mandarin, followed by Northern Mandarin, and thirdly by Wu, Gan and Xiang dialects of Southern dialect. If we connect vocabulary with pronunciation, Rugao dialect has many similarities with other Jianghuai dialects and Wuyue Chu dialect due to regional connections, and has many similarities in pronunciation and vocabulary, but it is far different from Ganke dialect and Jin dialect. The establishment of Rugao County in the 7th year of Yixi (411) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was closely related to the immigration of Hakka ancestors. From a vocabulary perspective, it was also far related to the Ganxi guest and the Jin Dynasty. This shows that the language in the Central Plains before the Western Jin Dynasty was influenced by the Northern Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and beyond. The influence of ethnic groups is great and has become numerous. Rugao is located to the north of the Yangtze River. Later, there were many immigrants from the north, which also had a great influence on the Rugao dialect.

1． Words with different meanings

Huaihe River - Milky Way

Oil Rat - Bat

Ox braying - Eagle

Ha Toa Wu'er - tadpole

Horned snail - snail

Flat beetle - bed bug

Dog's tail - millet

< p>2． Words with different synonyms

Before meals - in the morning

Maotan/Maogang - toilet

Having a half-day break/playing for a long time - malaria

p>

Burning people - thirsty

Burning pot grass - firewood

Heart door - chest

Hand Gua'er (outside)/ The crook of the hand (inside) - elbow

Knee cross - knee

Thaw - melt ice

Slip - run, escape

Organizing - tidying up, organizing, cooking

Making incense - kissing

Playing - having fun

Fake - —Story

Burn the complaint paper - Regret

Single - just by chance

Winning or losing - anyway

Tick your feet - steps< /p>

Jigun - strong (indicating degree)

Additional explanation here: Rugao dialect has a profound heritage of Wu dialect, coupled with geographical proximity and mutual influence, Rugao has retained a large number of Wu dialect words , according to a rough estimate in the "Concise Wu Dialect Dictionary", among the more than 5,000 entries, 30% are identical or similar to Rugao. In addition, there are some words in Rugao whose origin is unknown. Such as:

Ear attached - pay attention

Lift/live - tremble

Advertise - waste

Fall - slow

Yes - the juice is thick. "Ji Yun": "Yiren language"

3. Homographs

Ice (hail) - ice (frozen, ice cubes)

frozen (noun: frozen in the river) - frozen (verb)

p>

4． Homophones and inverses

Firefly - firefly

Wives and husbands - husband and wife

Chat - chat

This Rugao also has the similar inverse words: Fengzhong = stroke, brother = brother, Shixing = popular time, Mianming = obvious, neat = neat, barbaric = barbaric, Xidi = bottom, Yiyong = easy, manage = Cuisine, vertical dragonfly = vertical dragonfly, frugal = frugal. Such words may be traces of the transition from monosyllabic words to bisyllabic words, or they may have deeper meanings. For example, the Miao people call couples wife and husband, which is the same as Rugao.

5. Similar words

Calling donkey - male donkey

Grass sheep - ewe

Saucy pig - boar

花 Fish - Carp

Leibao - Toad

Yidier - Butterfly

Mantis - Praying Mantis

6. Single-syllable word - two-syllable word

Heaven - weather

Father - father

Fei - waste, spend, waste

Diarrhea - diarrhea

7. Add morpheme

Coarse bran/big bran - bran

Old rice - rice

Graveyard - grave

Chin drum Er/Chin shell—chin

Straight—straight

8. "子" suffix

For words expressing years and days, Rugao often adds the suffix "子", among which "year, day" and "子" suffixes are closely combined, while "Chao" and "子" suffixes are loosely combined ：

Xian Nian Zi - the year before yesterday

p>

Xian (Qu Sheng) Xian (Ping Sheng) day - the day after tomorrow

Hou Chao Zi/Hou Chao - the day after tomorrow

Ben Hou Chao Zi/Buan Hou Chao - the day after tomorrow

Yesterday Chaozi/Yesterday Chao——Yesterday

Qian Chaozi/Qian Chao——The day before yesterday

9. "Er" ending

Rugao dialect has the "Er" ending, but Mandarin does not have the "Er" ending:

Goose - Goose

Bee'er - Bee

Crickets - crickets

Bava beans - broad beans

Shorts - shorts

Slippers - slippers

p>

Spittoon'er - spittoon

Examples of words ending in "er" in Rugao and "zi" in Mandarin:

Monkey - monkey

Eggplant - eggplant

Baoer (snack) - steamed buns

Jiaoer - dumplings

Cuper - cup

p>

Chopsticks - chopsticks

Bottle - bottle

Hammer - hammer

Nail - nail

10． Rhetorical word making

① Seek good luck and avoid taboos

Great Immortal - Fox

Ship Canopy - Sail

Show off the top Light - Bald Man

②Metaphorical Category

Crawling Leibao - Crawling

Eyeless Flute - Nowhere to Start

Put Firecrackers - straightforward and refreshing

Ziwu's/Ziwu Maoyou - mutual opposition and contradiction

Standing on the high bank - staying out of the matter and looking at it with cold eyes

Eating tender Ya'er meat - a metaphor for poisonous hearts and abuse of orphans and widowed mothers

Building the temple of the five internal organs - eating

Yaba'er is in harmony with the festival - a match

< p>The metaphor is completed, you can rest assured

(2) Supplement to the basic vocabulary

Here are selected to reflect local production and life aspects, and reflect Rugao Words with vocabulary characteristics:

1. It is called the sexual behavior of animals, such as:

Crawling in the nest - mating of animals such as pigs and sheep

Biting seeds - the female fish lays eggs, and the male fish follows closely behind for in vitro fertilization

Crying - driving female animals in estrus to breed

2. Weighing pigs

Single pigs - young pigs being fattened

Old sows - sows that are pregnant and have given birth

Show pigs - breeding pigs Boar

Pig Gonggonger - pig nose, also known as lotus root cake nose

3. Daily life

Knife - cut slightly

Hand noodles - hand-like dough

Waist - cut from the middle

Porridge pot - when cooking multi-grain rice, you must turn it over after boiling

Porridge pot - when cooking multi-grain porridge, it is easy to stick to the pot, so you must turn it over from the bottom of the pot before cooking

Tea - an old-time ritual for entertaining guests in the countryside. Boil water in a large pot and serve steamed buns and cakes for guests to drink. Even at noon, tea is served first and then rice is cooked (see "Xinhua Dictionary").