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The difference between Rugao dialect and Mandarin dialect
Rugao dialect, simply speaking, is Rugao dialect. It belongs to the Tairu dialect of Jianghuai Mandarin. It is greatly influenced by Wu dialect and is also related to Gan dialect and Hakka dialect.
Mandarin, that is, modern standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin and Chinese, refers to the most common language spoken in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese. It is the most popular communication language in modern Chinese. Spoken and written language. Mandarin is based on the grammar of modern northern Chinese and the pronunciation of Beijing dialect, and is used as the standard language for official, teaching, media, etc. It is the official language of the Republic of China and Taiwan, and one of the four official languages ??of the Republic of Singapore. one. The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language" establishes the legal status of Mandarin and standardized Chinese characters as the "standard spoken and written national language" (non-official language).
The Rugao dialect belongs to the Jianghuai dialect and is connected to Taizhou. The vocabulary characteristics of Rugao are basically the same as those of the Taizhou dialect. Here we focus on the differences in basic vocabulary between Rugao dialect and Mandarin, taking into account special words that are not basic vocabulary.
(1) Basic Vocabulary
According to the 1230 basic vocabulary items of modern Mandarin Chinese and 20 representative points of major dialects collected in Peking University's "Chinese Dialect Vocabulary" (Second Edition) Judging from the situation reflected, Rugao dialect is most closely related to Jianghuai Mandarin, followed by Southwest Mandarin, followed by Northern Mandarin, and thirdly by Wu, Gan and Xiang dialects of Southern dialect. If we connect vocabulary with pronunciation, Rugao dialect has many similarities with other Jianghuai dialects and Wuyue Chu dialect due to regional connections, and has many similarities in pronunciation and vocabulary, but it is far different from Ganke dialect and Jin dialect. The establishment of Rugao County in the 7th year of Yixi (411) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was closely related to the immigration of Hakka ancestors. From a vocabulary perspective, it was also far related to the Ganxi guest and the Jin Dynasty. This shows that the language in the Central Plains before the Western Jin Dynasty was influenced by the Northern Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and beyond. The influence of ethnic groups is great and has become numerous. Rugao is located to the north of the Yangtze River. Later, there were many immigrants from the north, which also had a great influence on the Rugao dialect.
1. Words with different meanings
Huaihe River - Milky Way
Oil Rat - Bat
Ox braying - Eagle
Ha Toa Wu'er - tadpole
Horned snail - snail
Flat beetle - bed bug
Dog's tail - millet
< p>2. Words with different synonymsBefore meals - in the morning
Maotan/Maogang - toilet
Having a half-day break/playing for a long time - malaria
p>Burning people - thirsty
Burning pot grass - firewood
Heart door - chest
Hand Gua'er (outside)/ The crook of the hand (inside) - elbow
Knee cross - knee
Thaw - melt ice
Slip - run, escape
Organizing - tidying up, organizing, cooking
Making incense - kissing
Playing - having fun
Fake - —Story
Burn the complaint paper - Regret
Single - just by chance
Winning or losing - anyway
Tick your feet - steps< /p>
Jigun - strong (indicating degree)
Additional explanation here: Rugao dialect has a profound heritage of Wu dialect, coupled with geographical proximity and mutual influence, Rugao has retained a large number of Wu dialect words , according to a rough estimate in the "Concise Wu Dialect Dictionary", among the more than 5,000 entries, 30% are identical or similar to Rugao. In addition, there are some words in Rugao whose origin is unknown. Such as:
Ear attached - pay attention
Lift/live - tremble
Advertise - waste
Fall - slow
Yes - the juice is thick. "Ji Yun": "Yiren language"
3. Homographs
Ice (hail) - ice (frozen, ice cubes)
frozen (noun: frozen in the river) - frozen (verb)
p>
4. Homophones and inverses
Firefly - firefly
Wives and husbands - husband and wife
Chat - chat
This Rugao also has the similar inverse words: Fengzhong = stroke, brother = brother, Shixing = popular time, Mianming = obvious, neat = neat, barbaric = barbaric, Xidi = bottom, Yiyong = easy, manage = Cuisine, vertical dragonfly = vertical dragonfly, frugal = frugal. Such words may be traces of the transition from monosyllabic words to bisyllabic words, or they may have deeper meanings. For example, the Miao people call couples wife and husband, which is the same as Rugao.
5. Similar words
Calling donkey - male donkey
Grass sheep - ewe
Saucy pig - boar
花 Fish - Carp
Leibao - Toad
Yidier - Butterfly
Mantis - Praying Mantis
6. Single-syllable word - two-syllable word
Heaven - weather
Father - father
Fei - waste, spend, waste
Diarrhea - diarrhea
7. Add morpheme
Coarse bran/big bran - bran
Old rice - rice
Graveyard - grave
Chin drum Er/Chin shell—chin
Straight—straight
8. "子" suffix
For words expressing years and days, Rugao often adds the suffix "子", among which "year, day" and "子" suffixes are closely combined, while "Chao" and "子" suffixes are loosely combined :
Xian Nian Zi - the year before yesterday
p>
Xian (Qu Sheng) Xian (Ping Sheng) day - the day after tomorrow
Hou Chao Zi/Hou Chao - the day after tomorrow
Ben Hou Chao Zi/Buan Hou Chao - the day after tomorrow
Yesterday Chaozi/Yesterday Chao——Yesterday
Qian Chaozi/Qian Chao——The day before yesterday
9. "Er" ending
Rugao dialect has the "Er" ending, but Mandarin does not have the "Er" ending:
Goose - Goose
Bee'er - Bee
Crickets - crickets
Bava beans - broad beans
Shorts - shorts
Slippers - slippers
p>
Spittoon'er - spittoon
Examples of words ending in "er" in Rugao and "zi" in Mandarin:
Monkey - monkey
Eggplant - eggplant
Baoer (snack) - steamed buns
Jiaoer - dumplings
Cuper - cup
p>Chopsticks - chopsticks
Bottle - bottle
Hammer - hammer
Nail - nail
10. Rhetorical word making
① Seek good luck and avoid taboos
Great Immortal - Fox
Ship Canopy - Sail
Show off the top Light - Bald Man
②Metaphorical Category
Crawling Leibao - Crawling
Eyeless Flute - Nowhere to Start
Put Firecrackers - straightforward and refreshing
Ziwu's/Ziwu Maoyou - mutual opposition and contradiction
Standing on the high bank - staying out of the matter and looking at it with cold eyes
Eating tender Ya'er meat - a metaphor for poisonous hearts and abuse of orphans and widowed mothers
Building the temple of the five internal organs - eating
Yaba'er is in harmony with the festival - a match
< p>The metaphor is completed, you can rest assured(2) Supplement to the basic vocabulary
Here are selected to reflect local production and life aspects, and reflect Rugao Words with vocabulary characteristics:
1. It is called the sexual behavior of animals, such as:
Crawling in the nest - mating of animals such as pigs and sheep
Biting seeds - the female fish lays eggs, and the male fish follows closely behind for in vitro fertilization
Crying - driving female animals in estrus to breed
2. Weighing pigs
Single pigs - young pigs being fattened
Old sows - sows that are pregnant and have given birth
Show pigs - breeding pigs Boar
Pig Gonggonger - pig nose, also known as lotus root cake nose
3. Daily life
Knife - cut slightly
Hand noodles - hand-like dough
Waist - cut from the middle
Porridge pot - when cooking multi-grain rice, you must turn it over after boiling
Porridge pot - when cooking multi-grain porridge, it is easy to stick to the pot, so you must turn it over from the bottom of the pot before cooking
Tea - an old-time ritual for entertaining guests in the countryside. Boil water in a large pot and serve steamed buns and cakes for guests to drink. Even at noon, tea is served first and then rice is cooked (see "Xinhua Dictionary").
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