Ying Bu War

The Ying Bu War, which took place from 1899 to 1902, was an imperialist war waged by the Boers, descendants of British and Dutch immigrants, in order to re-carve up and fully control southern Africa. Also known as the Boer War or the South African War. /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Dutch Boers who migrated to the Cape of South Africa moved inland on a large scale in order to get rid of British control, and established the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State in the vast area where blacks lived for generations between the Orange River and limpopo river. From 1960s to 1980s, considerable diamond and gold deposits were discovered near the Orange River and in Transvaal. In order to seize the control of gold mining areas and South African railways, Britain has repeatedly clashed with Boers. 1899 In June, Britain used transvaal province's refusal to grant citizenship to British nationals as an excuse to assemble troops on the border between the two countries in an attempt to annex mineral land. Countries such as France and Germany have promised that Britain's actions will remain neutral.

Faced with the threat of war from Britain, two Boer countries, Orange and Transvaal, formed a military alliance, bought weapons from Germany and actively prepared for war. At that time, there were 20,000 British troops in South Africa, and 45,000 reinforcements were on their way. Britain's attempt is: March from Cape to two Boer countries along three railways, defeat the Boer army, occupy its capital, and end the war before Christmas. About 40,000 Boer troops (mostly cavalry), under the command of General joubert, attempted to occupy British Natal before the arrival of British reinforcements, and marched into Cape to quickly end the war. 10 9, transvaal province issued an ultimatum to Britain, asking the British to leave the border area, which was rejected. On June+10/October 1 1 day, 65438, the Boer army launched an attack on the British army and declared war on Britain at the same time, and the war broke out. During the period of 10- 12, Boer troops (about 40,000 men) composed of vigilantes attacked the British army with less than 30,000 men, and the initial progress was smooth. The main force of the East Route Army defeated the British army in Mount storm and Colenso, quickly occupied the northern part of Natal, and surrounded more than 10,000 people in the city of Ladysmith. The West Road deployed troops to attack Beizhuana, cut off the railway trunk line running through the north and south, and surrounded the border cities such as Mafujing and Kimberly, that is, the British territory of Cape; South Road troops crossed the Orange River, broke into Cape territory, and mobilized local Boers to fight against Britain. Due to the fiasco, Buller, commander-in-chief of the British army in South Africa, was dismissed. 1900 65438+ 10. In order to turn the tide of the war, Britain rapidly increased its troops, bringing the number of invading troops to 200,000, and appointed a new commander-in-chief of the British army. Roberts, the new commander-in-chief of the British army, changed his strategy, shifted his main attack direction from Natal to the Orange River valley, and strengthened cavalry operations. After adjusting the deployment, it turned to counterattack in February of that year. After the counterattack, the British army crossed the Orange River and attacked Transvaal and Orange from the east and north, successively lifting the siege of Kimberly, Ma Fujing and Reddy Smith. On March 13, the British army captured bloemfontein, the capital of Orange; On may 3 1 day, Johannesburg was captured; On June 5, the occupation of Pretoria, the capital of transvaal province; In July, the British troops on Natal East Road crossed the Draken Mountains and joined forces with the British troops on North Road. In September, Britain announced the annexation of Orange and Transvaal; In June+10, 5438, the Boer army withdrew from the city, and was smashed into pieces under the command of the new commander-in-chief Botha, and divided into small units to carry out guerrilla warfare in the countryside. In order to completely conquer the Boers, the British army continued to send more troops and adopted the tactics of changing packages to search for Boer guerrillas. The brutal scorched earth and the large number of Boers in concentration camps failed to make the Boers yield. By the end of the war (1902), Britain's total combat force had increased to 440,000, but it was too costly and suffered heavy casualties to fight any more. The number of Boers participating in the war reached 88,000, but it was difficult to continue fighting under the attack of the British scorched earth and concentration camp system. Therefore, the two sides signed the Frinihin Peace Treaty on May 3 1. The peace treaty stipulates that the Boers hand over their weapons and recognize the suzerainty of Britain; Britain promised to end military control as soon as possible and establish an autonomous government when conditions permit.

During the war, the British army first used new weapons such as duds, smokeless gunpowder and rapid-fire artillery, and the cavalry tactics and guerrilla tactics of the Boer army also attracted the attention of many countries in the world.