Areas with similar or obvious differences in geographical location and areas with similar or obvious differences in natural characteristics such as topography and climate.

& lt 1 & gt； 1. Formation of climate types

Due to the difference of water-heat combination, seasonal distribution of water, or the existence of huge mountains and plateaus, some internal climates in the same climate zone are still different, and several climate types can be further divided. For example, the atmospheric circulation conditions are different, and they all belong to subtropical climate zone. The east coast of Eurasia is monsoon climate type, and the west coast is Mediterranean climate type.

Second, the main climate types

(1) The climate of equatorial (tropical) rainforest is roughly distributed between north and south latitudes 10 degrees, with the Amazon Plain in South America, Congo Basin in Africa, Asia and lesser sunda islands as typical examples. Controlled by the equatorial air mass, it is hot, rainy and humid all year round. The annual average temperature is around 26℃, the annual temperature difference is very small, and the annual precipitation generally exceeds 2000 mm, so the distribution is relatively uniform. The natural vegetation is tropical rain forest.

(2) The tropical monsoon climate is generally distributed on the east coast of the mainland between the north and south latitudes 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, and Indo-China Peninsula and India Peninsula in Asia are typical areas affected by the southwest monsoon. Most parts of Yunnan and the southeast corner of Tibet also belong to tropical monsoon climate. The annual temperature is high, and the annual average temperature exceeds 20℃. The seasonal variation of prevailing wind direction is significant. The summer half year is controlled by equatorial air mass, with abundant precipitation, forming rainy season, and the climate characteristics are similar to those of tropical rain forest; In the winter half year, under the control of tropical continental air mass, precipitation in some places decreased obviously, forming a dry season. The annual precipitation is 1500-2000mm, and the precipitation in rainy season accounts for more than 80-90% of the annual total, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest.

(3) The climate of the savanna is generally distributed between latitude 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples. This kind of distribution area is located in the alternating control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual temperature is high, with an average annual temperature of about 25℃. During the control period of equatorial low pressure zone, equatorial air mass prevailed and precipitation was concentrated; During the trade wind control period, it is controlled by the tropical continental air mass, with little rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obvious and long. The natural vegetation is savanna.

(4) The tropical desert (dry) climate is generally distributed in the mainland and west coast under the control of the north-south regression high pressure zone, with the desert areas of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula in Asia and Australia as typical examples. Controlled by subtropical high pressure zone or trade wind zone, it is controlled by tropical continental air mass all the year round, with drought and little rain. The annual precipitation is about 100mm, and in some places it is only a few tens of mm, with plenty of sunshine and high temperature. The average temperature in the hottest month can reach about 30℃. The contradiction between heat and water is prominent. The distribution and formation of the world's great deserts are closely related to the tropical dry climate. The natural vegetation is desert.

(5) The subtropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed on the east coast of subtropical continent, with the eastern part of Asian continent as a typical example, such as south of Qinling-Huaihe River in China, southeast of North America, east of South America and southeast of Australia. The prevailing wind direction varies greatly with the seasons. In winter, affected by the polar continental air mass, the temperature is low and the precipitation is less; In summer, affected by tropical ocean air mass, it is hot and rainy, and the water distribution in four seasons is uneven. Natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.

(6) The subtropical Mediterranean climate is mainly distributed on the west coast of subtropical continent, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of the continent with latitude of 30-40 in North and South America, the southwest corner of Australia and Africa. The Mediterranean coast is the most extensive and typical. For example, in the northern hemisphere, the subtropical high zone moves northward in summer and is controlled by high pressure. Affected by the tropical continental air mass, the weather is sunny, dry, hot and rainy. In winter, the subtropical high zone moves southward, which is warm and rainy due to the influence of the westerly belt (Mediterranean front belt). Natural vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen shrub.

(7) The temperate monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the eastern part of temperate Asian continent.

For example, North China, Northeast China and the Far East of the Soviet Union. The prevailing wind direction in winter and summer obviously alternates. Winter wind, controlled by polar continental air mass, is cold and dry; The summer monsoon is mainly affected by tropical ocean air mass, which is warm and rainy. The annual range is a big city with annual precipitation of 500-700 mm, which is unevenly distributed and relatively concentrated in summer, with continental characteristics. The natural vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest or mixed forest of coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest.

(8) Temperate maritime climate is mainly distributed on the west coast of temperate continent, such as the narrow strip of the west coast of Western Europe, North America and South America, with Western Europe as a typical example. Influenced by the prevailing westerly wind all the year round, the ocean airflow blows to the mainland, and the ocean regulation plays a significant role. The climatic characteristics are: the temperature is not high in summer, not low in winter, and the annual variation is small; The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000mm, and the distribution is relatively uniform. Natural vegetation is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest.

(9) The temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in Eurasia and the inland areas of North America. Away from the ocean, or blocked by mountains, the water cycle is inactive, mainly controlled by continental air masses, with scarce precipitation and dry climate; It is hot in summer, quite cold in winter, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is large. Natural vegetation is desert or desert grassland or grassland.

(10) The continental climate in the sub-frigid zone is mainly distributed in northern Eurasia and northern North America. It is influenced by polar continental air mass and polar ocean air mass all year round, and it is also influenced by ice ocean air mass in winter. Winter is long and cold, and warm season is cool and short; There is less precipitation, relatively concentrated in summer and weak evaporation, so it is a humid area. Natural vegetation is coniferous forest.

(1 1) The climate of polar tundra is mainly distributed along the coast of the Arctic Ocean in Eurasia and North America. It is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and it is cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss, lichen).

(12) The climate of the polar ice sheet is mainly distributed in the Antarctic continent and Greenland. It is very cold all year round, and the monthly average temperature is below 0℃, which is the lowest temperature area in the world. The average annual temperature in the Antarctic continent is -29℃-35℃, and it is below -22℃ in the Arctic region, and there are many snowstorms all year round.

(13) The alpine plateau climate is mainly distributed in high mountains and large plateaus, such as the Himalayas, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Andes in South America. In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the vertical change of climate is significant. At a certain height, there is a lot of humidity, fog and precipitation. The higher the mountain, the stronger the wind. China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has high altitude, low temperature, strong radiation, abundant sunshine, little precipitation and strong wind in winter. The annual variation of temperature is small and the daily variation is large.

& lt2> Indus River: Located in the Indus River Plain, it has a subtropical monsoon climate. Because it is backed by high mountains, that is, the Himalayas, it is relatively dry. Summer is hot and rainy, winter is dry, and there are rainy and dry seasons.

The main cities along the river are Islamabad and Multan.

Ethnic groups living in the upper reaches of the Indus River (such as Tibetans, Ladaks and Barthes) show close relations with Central Asia rather than South Asia. They are Asian, speak Tibetan and believe in Buddhism (although Barthes has converted to Islam). Animal husbandry is an important local economic activity.

There are some agricultural groups living in the North Indian Plain. They speak Punjabi and related dialects and become the largest ethnic group in the Indus Valley. Language, race and tribal organizations play a secondary role in distinguishing groups. The obvious main feature of Punjab nationality is caste, but it has no religious and ritual significance of Hindu system. Jat and Rajput who believe in Islam are important social components of Punjab.

Some agricultural nationalities living in the lower reaches of the Indus River believe in German and related dialects. Many cultural features in this area seem to have quite ancient customs, and Sindh people are proud of the uniqueness of their own area. Although Karachi is in Sindh province, it is mainly an Urdu-speaking city, Punjabi and Indian immigrants who arrived in Pakistan after the division of the subcontinent in 1947.

As long as the crops are cotton and rice

Ganges: tropical monsoon climate

Main City: Player varanasi Allahabad Dhaka (Bangladeshi)

The words holy water bathing festival and Ganges are closely related to Indian religious traditions.

Main crops: rice

& lt3> Yangtze River Delta

Estuary: East China Sea-Marginal Sea

Climate: subtropical monsoon climate

Topographic origin: impact plain

Population: about 50 million.

City: Urban agglomeration in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang with Shanghai as the center.

Agricultural location: reasonable hydrothermal conditions, flat terrain, developed irrigation and fertile soil. Rice is the main crop, which is harvested twice a year.

Industry: Both heavy industry and light industry are developed, and it is one of the most active areas in China.

Nile delta

Estuary: Mediterranean-inland sea

Climate: Mediterranean climate

Topographic genesis: river valley+alluvial plain

Population: about 20 million.

City: Alexandria

Agricultural location: Nile impacts the plain, swampy saline-alkali land, and the soil is fertile. Since modern times, due to the construction of reservoirs in the upper reaches, it has been increasingly eroded by seawater.

Agricultural products: cotton, rice and wheat, three seasons a year.

Industry: Oil refining is the main industry, and Egypt is a developed region.

Mississippi river delta

Estuary: Gulf of Mexico-Marginal Sea

Population: about 2 million.

Climate: subtropical monsoon climate, with many hurricanes.

Topographic origin: Mississippi River impacts the plain.

City: New Orleans

Agricultural geographical location: fertile soil and convenient irrigation.

Agricultural products: rice, twice a year.

Industry: an important oil refining center in North America, with developed inland navigation.

Similarities: they are all important agricultural areas in their respective countries.

Difference:

1. The first two are the cradles of civilization in the traditional sense, and their strategic positions in their respective countries and regions are very important. The position of the Mississippi River Delta in the United States is much weaker, and the development of industry is relatively late.

2. Agriculture in the Nile Delta is more important than industry, and the other two industries are more important than agriculture.

3. The former two are densely populated, while the latter is smaller and concentrated in New Orleans.

& lt4> Madagascar Island is located between south latitude12 and south latitude 25, with NE-SW strike in the middle of the island and an altitude of1000 ~ 2,600 m..

The central mountain range extends from north to south 1 160 km. The western slope of the mountain range is gentle, and the eastern slope is steep because of the steep drop of faults.

Mountains and narrow coastal plains. The tropical South Indian Ocean air mass from the northern and western edges of the South Indian Ocean subtropical high is considered to be southeast.

The eastern part of the island is windy all the year round. On the east side of Madagascar Island is the Madagascar Warm Current, which is swept by the hot and humid southeast trade winds.

Due to the temperature and humidity above, the airflow is more unstable, so the eastern mountainous area of the island is windward and the precipitation is extremely rich.

Rainfall 1500 ~ 3500 mm, and rainy days are usually above 160 days, which is the region with the most rainy days in Africa, forming tropical rain.

Forest climate. On the west side of the island with similar latitude, it is difficult for the southeast trade winds to climb over the central mountain range and become a shadow area of lee wind and rain.

Greatly reduced, it has become a savanna climate.

Find the rest yourself. Too many.