The key points of geography and biology in the mid-term exam of the first semester

Chapter 1 of Geography Understanding Continents

1.1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place where the sun rises in the east and Europa: the place where the sun sets in the west

The continental parts of Asia and Europe are integrated into one, and the Eurasian continent is synthesized. Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean in the east, south and north, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, with Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asia's topography dominated by plateaus and mountains has three characteristics: 1. The topography is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with high average elevation;

2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height is very different. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Topographic differences:

Asia and Europe

The continent with the lowest altitude in the world has a high average altitude

The relatively high altitude fluctuates greatly on the ground, and the disparity between the heights is small

The main topographic plateaus and mountain plains are high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed in the south and north

The Asian climate is complex and diverse: the continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most of the rivers originate from the plateau and mountains in the middle, and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;

Inflow area is vast

Population and countries in Asia: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2, accounting for about 6% of the world's total population. Most countries with a population of over 1 million in the world are in Asia

1.2. Africa

The continent with the largest number of countries: "africa" is "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, which spans the north and south of the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau area and is called "Plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert, located in northern Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.

the area of African savanna is the largest in all continents.

climate characteristics: high temperature; Wide arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

Abundant resources: Africa is known as the "rich continent" because of its vast territory and rich products.

The reserves and output of diamond, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.

economy in urgent need of development:

1.3 America: "New World": America is the abbreviation of "America".

Different natural environments in the north and south: North America has a relatively high average altitude and a large undulating terrain, and the terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: a tall mountain system in the west, a vast plain in the middle and a low highland in the east. Immigration and Economy:

Chapter II Understanding the Region

2.1 Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and most of Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indo-China Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers in China. The mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 2, islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is known as the "earthquake country"

Topographic features of the region River features

The mountains and rivers in Indochina Peninsula alternate from north to south

The Malay Archipelago is rugged, short and swift.

Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and it is an important hub of world maritime transportation and air transportation.

Rich minerals: the important producing areas of tropical cash crops such as natural rubber, oil palm and coconut in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.

The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the densely populated areas in the world.

The population is mainly distributed in the alluvial plain, estuary delta and coastal plain of big rivers, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated.

2.2 South Asia

South Asian subcontinent: South Asia refers to the vast area between the middle and western Himalayan mountains in southern Asia and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers.

Three major regions: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau

A year is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-October is the rainy season; November to February is the cool season

Religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan.

Population and economy: South Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a population of about 1.3 billion, accounting for more than 1/5 of the world population.

2.3 West Asia

The land of five seas and three continents: the Mediterranean Sea; Black sea; Caspian sea; Red sea; Arabian sea. Asia; Africa; Europe

This is also the famous "Silk Road" in ancient China.

Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, especially in Israel.

Arab countries: religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam

The world's oil treasure house accounts for 25% of the world's total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf. Oil export route:

2.4 Western Europe

Location and scope: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, including more than 3 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries.

Strong economic strength: prosperous tourism:

2.5 Arctic region and Antarctic region

Ice and snow world: Arctic region refers to the area north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, the northern part of Eurasia and North America and some islands. The land area in the Arctic Circle is about 8 million square kilometers, and the Arctic Ocean is about 13.1 million square kilometers. The Antarctic region includes the Antarctic continent, its sea islands and continental ice, as well as a part of the South Pacific Plain, the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Indian Ocean. The polar regions are extremely cold, windy and rainy.

In the Arctic Circle, the population living for a long time is close to 3 million. The local aborigines are mainly Inuit and Lapp. Antarctica has no country or settled population. Polar scientific expedition: Great Wall Station in China (6213 ′ s; 5858 ′ w) Zhongshan Station in China (6925 ′ s; 761 ′ e)

The origin and development of human beings: Now the * * * ancestor of apes and human beings is forest apes. More than 12 million years ago, forest apes were widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, especially in the tropical jungles of Africa.

Schematic diagram of the origin and development of human beings: 7 human fossils from P5

3 million years ago: Lucy 1.75 million years ago: ancient people: East Africans

In p>1929, the first fossil of Peking man's skull was discovered in Pei Wenzhong.

Reproductive system: Life goes through the process of combining male and female germ cells and forming new individuals through embryonic development. This process is completed by the reproductive system. Men and women have different reproductive systems, and so do adults and children.

Anatomical diagram of male and female reproductive system: 7 times P9

Reproductive process: 7 times P1

Delivery: The fetus is mature at the 4th week of pregnancy. The mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina. This process is called delivery.

Puberty is characterized by a sudden increase in height, and the functions of nervous system, heart and lungs are also obviously enhanced. Boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

Sexual consciousness in adolescence: initially alienated from the opposite sex, gradually willing to approach the opposite sex, or vaguely attached to the opposite sex.

The basic requirements of family planning in China are: late marriage, late childbearing, fewer births and eugenics. 7 P19

Nutrients in food: food contains six kinds of nutrients such as sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

sugar, fat, protein in food: providing energy 7 P22

water and inorganic salts: water can transport energy, and inorganic salts include calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine and zinc. 7 P24

Inorganic salts: 7 P25

Vitamins: 7 P26

Changes of food in the digestive system: The oral cavity is the initial part of the digestive system, which contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The salivary gland has a catheter, and the saliva it secretes enters the mouth through the catheter.

Composition and function of digestive system: 7 P32

Digestive system: digestive tract: a long pipe. Digestive glands are divided into two categories: some are large digestive glands located in the digestive tract, such as the liver; Some are small glands distributed on the inner wall of digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

absorption of nutrients: food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids.

Reasonable nutrition and food safety: 7 P37

Respiratory system: The respiratory system of human body is composed of respiratory tract and lungs. The respiratory system has the structure and function suitable for gas exchange with the outside world.

respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus, which are channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs.

the function of respiratory tract: the passage of gas, which processes the inhaled gas and makes the gas in the lungs warm, moist and clean.

gas exchange between the lung and the outside world: the lung is the main organ of the respiratory system, which is located in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right. The left lung has two pages and the right lung has three leaves. Before you know it, your lungs are exhaling and inhaling rhythmically.

diagram of lung movement pattern: P48, P49

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood: P5

A person has to breathe more than 2, times a day and exchange at least 1, liters of gas with the environment every day.

composition of blood: blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. At the junction of the two layers, there is a thin layer of white material, which is white blood cells and platelets.

plasma: transporting blood cells, substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.

Blood cells: Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. After blood stratification, red blood cells are red in the lower layer, while white blood cells and platelets are thin and white at the junction of the two layers.

Red blood cells: The largest number of blood cells are round cakes with concave sides. They have no nucleus and hemoglobin, which can carry oxygen.

White blood cells: They have nuclei, which are larger than red blood cells, and can pass through capillary walls, surround and devour bacteria.

platelet: the smallest blood cell, with no nucleus and irregular shape, which can release substances related to blood coagulation.

Arteries, capillaries and veins: 7 down P66

Anatomical diagram of the heart: 7 down P68

Schematic diagram of the heart: 7 down P69

Blood circulation pattern diagram: 7 down P7

Systemic circulation: blood enters the aorta from the left ventricle, then flows through all levels of arteries, capillary network and veins of the whole body, and finally gathers up at the upper and lower levels. This circulatory pathway is called systemic circulation.

pulmonary circulation: the blood flowing back to the right atrium is pressed into the pulmonary artery through the right ventricle, flows through the capillary network of the lung, and then flows back to the left atrium from the pulmonary vein. This circulation path is called pulmonary circulation.

Systemic circulation means that blood starts from the left side of the heart and returns to the right side, and pulmonary circulation means that blood starts from the right side of the heart and returns to the left side, thus forming a complete blood circulation path.

In p>19, Austrian scientist Landstein discovered the blood type.

blood transfusion relation table: 7 lower P76

composition of urinary system: 7 lower P8

kidney: the organ that forms urine. Each kidney includes about 1 million structural and functional units, called nephrons. Each unit consists of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.

Schematic diagram of the internal structure of the kidney: 7. Formation diagram of P81

Urine: 7. Lower P82

Bladder: temporary storage of original urine.

Significance of urination

Harmless treatment of human excrement and urine: P85-87

Basic structure and function of eyeball: 7 P89

The process of vision formation: the light reflected by external objects passes through cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body in turn, and finally falls on retina after refraction by lens, forming an object image. There are light-sensitive cells in the retina. These cells transmit image information to a certain area of the brain through the optic nerve, and people have vision.

Basic structure and function of the ear: 7 P93

Process of hearing formation: 7 P94

Components of the nervous system: The nervous system is composed of brain, bone marrow and their nerves.

composition and function of nervous system: 7 P98

neurons: neurons, also called nerve cells, are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of nervous system. There are hundreds of millions of neurons in the human body.

the basic adjustment mode of nerve is reflex.

reflex: the regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

Schematic diagram of letting go of steamed bread: 7 P12

The human body adjusts its life activities through various simple or complex reflexes, so that it can quickly respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.

the main endocrine gland that constitutes the endocrine system: 7 P16

The life activities of the human body are mainly regulated by the nervous system, but also influenced by hormone regulation.

Unit 4

39 shows that human beings originated from forest apes.

The * * * ancestor of modern apes and humans is the forest ape.

4 Structure and function of male and female reproductive system (Book P9)

Testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperm and secretes androgen. Ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs and secretes estrogen.

41 Physical changes in adolescence

(1) The height suddenly increases, and the functions of nervous system, heart and lungs are also obviously enhanced. (2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

42 Main nutrients needed by human body

Six kinds of nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Three main nutrients in human body: sugar, fat and protein.

43 Main symptoms caused by vitamin deficiency in human body

Vitamin A deficiency: dry skin, night blindness (unable to see clearly at night), dry eye, etc.

vitamin B1 deficiency: neuritis, beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency), dyspepsia, loss of appetite, etc.

vitamin c deficiency: scurvy, decreased resistance, etc.

vitamin d deficiency: rickets, osteoporosis, etc.

vitamin d can promote the absorption of phosphorus and calcium and bone development.

44 composition of human digestive system. (P32 Diagram and P34 Interpretation Curve)

Digestion