origin of man

1。 Paleolithic hominids:

The transition from apes to humans has gone through several stages: Australopithecus-Homo erectus-Early Homo sapiens-Late Homo sapiens (fossil Homo sapiens and modern Homo sapiens).

Late homo sapiens includes fossil homo sapiens and living homo sapiens, and living homo sapiens is modern man. The result of Homo erectus evolution is fossil Homo sapiens, and Homo sapiens is the descendant of fossil Homo sapiens.

Australopithecus from Africa, as the ancestor of all mankind, has been recognized all over the world. There is no doubt that although fossils of ancient apes have been found in China, these apes are extinct species, and it is impossible for them to evolve into Homo erectus. However, Australopithecus is an animal, not a person. Real people should start with Homo erectus.

China advocated the theory of multi-regional evolution: Homo erectus in Africa spread to all parts of the world 2 million years ago, and then evolved into their own modern people. For example, China was Yuanmou, Lantian people and Beijingers were descendants of African Homo erectus, and then they evolved from Beijingers to modern China people, that is, Beijingers-early Homo sapiens Neanderthals in Beijing-late Homo sapiens Neanderthals in Beijing-modern China people.

Foreign saying: Early Homo sapiens in China died out during the Ice Age, and late Homo sapiens in Africa spread to the whole world 8 16000 years ago. An African Homo sapiens entered China 60,000 years ago, replacing the early humans in China. The cavemen were actually African immigrants.

Whether China people, especially Han people, evolved from native Homo erectus or from late Homo sapiens in Africa still needs a lot of archaeological evidence and scientific proof, which can only be treated as a controversy at present.

2。 Ancient culture in Neolithic age;

In the late Paleolithic period, human beings evolved to the late stage of Homo sapiens, which is almost the same as modern people. With the development of clan commune, primitive agriculture and livestock raising began to appear, pottery began to appear, mankind entered the Neolithic age, and human civilization began to appear.

A large number of Neolithic cultural sites have been discovered in China. I divide them into three categories: Yangshao culture belonging to ancient Chinese culture, Dawenkou culture belonging to ancient Dongyi culture, Longshan culture, Hemudu culture, Liangzhu culture, Majiayao culture belonging to ancient Xirong culture and Qijia culture. These cultures belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family and speak primitive Sino-Tibetan languages.

What can't be said here is Hongshan Culture. The early Hongshan culture is about 8000 years ago, about 1000 years earlier than Yangshao culture and Hemudu culture. Early Hongshan Culture should be the source of ancient Huaxia culture, ancient Dongyi culture and ancient Xirong culture. Early Hongshan Culture's dragon culture and Yangshao culture come down in one continuous line, which is the source of dragon culture. Jade culture in early Hongshan Culture, the source of Chinese jade culture, comes down in one continuous line with Hemudu culture, Longshan culture and Liangzhu culture.

The dragon culture and worship of ancient China culture and the bird culture and worship of ancient Dongyi culture later merged into one, becoming the dragon and phoenix gods worshipped by Han people. Therefore, the fusion of ancient Chinese culture and ancient Dongyi culture also produced the source of Chinese culture.

3。 China Civilization from Late Neolithic Age to Bronze Age

About 4,500 years ago, Huangdi tribe originated from Yangshao culture lived in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, originated from Majiayao culture, and Yan Di tribe of Qijia culture also lived in this area. Huangdi tribe defeated Yan Di tribe, annexed Yan Di tribe and formed Yanhuang Alliance. The Yellow Emperor tribe went down to the Yellow River and clashed with Dongyi tribe which originated from Dawenkou and Longshan culture. The Huangdi tribe defeated the Dongyi tribe headed by Chiyou and merged some Dongyi tribes. The Three Emperors and Five Emperors embody this integration. Huang San is Fuxi, Nu Wa and Shennong, Fuxi and Nu Wa belong to Dongyi nationality, Shennong belongs to Yanhuang nationality, and the five emperors are Taidi, Yan Di, Huangdi, Shaoluo, Zhuan Xu, Taidi and Shaoluo.

The Yellow Emperor had a grandson named Zhuan Xu, who was a great man. He grew up in the home of Shao Hao, the leader of Dongyi tribe. When he grew up, he married Shao Hao's daughter. After Shao Hao's death, Zhuan Xu became the leader of Dongyi tribe. At this time, the Yanhuang tribe and the Dongyi tribe split into large and small tribes, and Zhuan Xu unified all the tribes in China again. After Zhuan Xu, Di Ku became the leader and Di Ku was Zhuan Xu's nephew. Yao, the son of the fifth grandson of the Yellow Emperor, followed. After Yao passed the throne to the seventh Sun Shun in Zhuan Xu, through the tribal alliance meeting, he made Eight Yuan take charge of the land, Eight Kai keep discipline, contract civil affairs, be afraid of benefiting the mountains and rivers, and be punished for offering sacrifices to the barbarians, thus perfecting the social management system and winning everyone's love. When Shun was old, he wanted to pass the throne to Hao Tao of Dongyi tribe. Yu is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, and the Xia tribe commanded by Yu is a branch developed from the original Chinese Yanhuang tribe. After becoming the leaders of the tribes in China (Yanhuang tribe and Dongyi tribe in the Central Plains), the tribal alliance began to evolve into a slave society country. After his death, the imperial power passed to his son, and the first slave king in China was established. At the end of summer, a Shang tribe among the Dongyi tribes in China became strong. The ancestor of Shang Dynasty was the family of Yes. The legendary second princess Judy swallowed a mysterious bird's egg and gave birth to Qi. Qi was appointed as Stuart in Yao, and was authorized to be in charge of civil affairs in Shun. Shang Tang, the descendant of Qi, destroyed the summer and established the Shang Dynasty. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Zhou tribe in the west became strong. Zhou tribe belongs to a branch of Yanhuang tribe that moved westward and is also a descendant of the family. Di Ku Princess Jiang Yuan was abandoned (Hou Ji). Abandoned children are Zhou's ancestors. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty was established, which was divided into the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the Western Zhou Dynasty was divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The rulers such as Zhao and Qin Chu in Seven Heroes of the Warring States are all descendants of Levin in Zhuan Xu, while the rulers of Yan, Qi, Wei and Han are all related to Zhou people and should be descendants. Finally, the Qin people unified the seven countries and established the Qin Dynasty. The State of Qin was destroyed by the State of Chu in less than fourteen years, and Liu Bang, a Chu man, established the Han Dynasty, thus forming a unified Han nationality, and all Chinese tribes (Yanhuang tribe and Dongyi tribe) finally developed into a unified Han nationality!

The above constitutes the pre-Qin history of China-Han nationality!