Economic Development and Population in Indus Valley

Since ancient times, Indian River irrigation has been the foundation of successful agriculture. The modern irrigation project started around 1850, and the huge irrigation canal system was built by the British administrative agency. Many old channels and spillway in Sindh and Punjab provinces have been repaired and modernized; As a result, the world's largest irrigation canal network was established. During the division of 1947, the international boundary between India and West Pakistan divided the originally designed irrigation network and the Satlej Valley project into two parts. Its source project is in India and the irrigation canal flows through Pakistan. This led to the interruption of water supply in parts of Pakistan. The dispute that lasted for several years was resolved through the mediation of the World Bank, and Pakistan and India signed the Indus Treaty (1960). According to this treaty, the water of three rivers in the west of the Indus Valley-Indus River, JieHellem River and chenab river River-is used by Pakistan (except for a small amount used in Kashmir), while all the water of three rivers in the east-Ravi River, Buys River and Satre River-is supplied to India. Until about 1880, some rivers in the Indus River and Punjab were navigable, but after the rise of railways and the expansion of irrigation projects, only ships could travel back and forth in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Sindh Province. There are fishing boats in the lower reaches of the Indus River. Above the first railway gate, the upper reaches of rivers and canals are now used to exile timber from the foothills of Kashmir. Ethnic groups living in the upper reaches of the Indus River (such as Tibetans, Ladaks and Barthes) show close relations with Central Asia rather than South Asia. They are Asian, speak Tibetan and believe in Buddhism (although Barthes has converted to Islam). Animal husbandry is an important local economic activity. There are some agricultural groups living in the North Indian Plain. They speak Punjabi and related dialects and become the largest ethnic group in the Indus Valley. Language, race and tribal organizations play a secondary role in distinguishing groups. The obvious main feature of Punjab nationality is caste, but it has no religious and ritual significance of Hindu system. Jat and Rajput who believe in Islam are important social components of Punjab. Some agricultural nationalities living in the lower reaches of the Indus River believe in German and related dialects. Many cultural features in this area seem to have quite ancient customs, and Sindh people are proud of the uniqueness of their own area. Although Karachi is in Sindh province, it is mainly an Urdu-speaking city, Punjabi and Indian immigrants who arrived in Pakistan after the division of the subcontinent in 1947.