What is the geomorphic environment on the surface of Mars?

Mars is an adjacent star inside the earth with a magnitude of 1.5-2.8. From confusion to understanding, from gazing at the starry sky to flying exploration. Starting from this century, mankind will gradually transform it and make it the second home of mankind in the future.

(a) the general situation of Mars (the premise of Mars transformation):

(1) The basic parameters of Mars are: the average distance from the sun is 228 million kilometers, the diameter is 6787 kilometers, the volume of the earth is 15%, the mass is 10.8%, the surface gravity is 38%, period of revolution has 687 earth days, and the orbital inclination is 24 degrees (therefore, there are four seasons.

(2) Mars: gas layer: atmospheric composition: CO2 95%%, N2 2.7%%, Ar1.6%, O2 0. 13%, water vapor 0.03%, and a little methane and dust; The air pressure is 700 Pa (7% o of the density of the earth's atmosphere).

The cloud is mainly CO2 dry ice without O3 layer; There are often storms and dusty weather, and the wind speed can reach180m/s.

(3) Surface temperature of Mars: Despite the greenhouse effect, it is-12oC during the day and -76oC at night, with an average of-32oc; It can reach above 290C at noon in summer and below-125 c in winter. The poles have white polar caps, the main component is water ice, followed by dry ice. The size of the polar cap changes with the seasons, and it can cover latitudes as high as 60 degrees.

(4) Surface geology and geomorphology: The southern hemisphere is mainly an ancient plateau covered with mountains, ancient river beds and craters; The northern hemisphere is mainly a plain covered with volcanic lava; The terrain is rugged and sinister. Olympus Shield volcano has a diameter of 700Km, a diameter of 80Km and a height of 27Km. Geras crater is 2000 kilometers in diameter and 4 kilometers deep; Sailor grand canyon 5000Km dragon; The ancient riverbed is 1000Km long and 60Km wide. There is occasional volcanic activity on the surface.

Rock and soil are mainly composed of timely and hematite. Rock, stone, soil, dirt and dust are mixed together. It looks like a desolate world, with low temperature, dryness, low pressure, rust and brown, a barren land. Inanimate defense: no magnetic field, no O3 layer, thin atmosphere, strong solar ultraviolet and cosmic ray radiation, reaching lethal dose.

(2) Earth's human exploration of Mars (the basis of Mars transformation);

Mars is a bright red star in the sky, which has attracted people's attention since ancient times. Our ancestors named it "Huo Ying" (wonderful red light); The ancient Babylonians were called "Niga" (heroic heroes); The ancient Egyptians called it "Hatic" (bright red star); The ancient Greeks called "Ares" (God of War); The ancient Romans called it "the myth of Mars" (Mars). The name Mars has been used in the world to this day.

1609, Galileo observed Mars with a self-made telescope, which was the first time that humans studied Mars with scientific instruments. 1877 After observing Mars, Ya Parelli, director of Milan Observatory, announced the discovery of "Mars Canal" and "Martians!" So novels and movies such as War with Martians came into being. 1976, the American Viking spacecraft captured the image of "Szidonia's head". People thought it was Martians: products under construction or Mars God appeared, warning people on earth not to infringe on Mars!

For nearly half a century, modern humans have explored Mars again and again with advanced instruments. The main purpose is to understand the surface environment of Mars, so as to consider how human beings survive: to explore whether there is water on Mars and to confirm whether there is life on Mars.

1975, the United States launched Viking 1 and Viking 2 spacecraft to Mars. Their orbiters and landers have made many surveys of 99% of Mars from space to the ground, and collected soil samples for testing. Studies have shown that the surface environment of Mars is extremely bad, and even microorganisms with strong vitality have not been found, let alone Martians!

After that, 12 Martian meteorites were collected, among which 1984 American scholars found a Martian meteorite (ALHS, 400 1) weighing 1.9Kg in Antarctica, and found that there were primitive cell fossils, hydrocarbons and carbonates on it, which were similar to the products of primitive life activities on the earth, and for a time, the life of Mars was changed.

Over the past half century, the United States, the former Soviet Union, Europe, Japan and other countries have successively launched 38 detection devices to Mars, of which 2 1 failed, and 17 succeeded. Five landers landed one after another, obtaining more than 200,000 space and ground photos and more than 30,000 items of data. The last two were launched in 2003, and Spirit and Opportunity (a highly intelligent robot) landed on June 3, 2004 and June 25, 2004 respectively. After fixed-point survey, it is confirmed that there is a certain amount of water (ice) on Mars, and the remains of ancient Martian oceans and floods are seen. The scientific community believes that Mars was once a warm and humid world. Water is a prerequisite for life. The above detection results provide clues for solving the mystery of life on Mars, and also open up prospects for the future transformation, development and utilization of Mars by human beings on Earth.

According to reports, the United States plans to send robots to excavate Martian rocks and soil samples in 2007 and return them to Earth for analysis, launch a Mars communication satellite in 2020, and establish a Mars orbiting space station in 2030 through international cooperation, so as to realize the Mars tourism of the earth and Mars immigrants in the next century.