How many times have Sichuan been filled in in history?

At the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 5 million households (5 people in each household) in Sichuan. After the massacre in the Yuan Dynasty, by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 65,438+households left. In the early Ming Dynasty, people were forced to move from Huguang to Sichuan, which was called "Huguang added Sichuan for the first time".

By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the population of Sichuan had recovered to more than 5 million. Manchu entered the customs and carried out a crazy massacre in Sichuan. According to historical records, within ten years, the population plummeted to more than 10 thousand households. Then, people had to be forcibly moved from Huguang to Sichuan, which was called "Huguang plus Sichuan for the second time".

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Sichuan Tongzhi: "Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, there have been many toothed fireworks in Shu. After the war in the late Ming Dynasty, Dingkou was as rare as the morning star. "

"Huguang filling Sichuan" refers to the decades in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, Sichuan's population dropped sharply and cultivated land was barren. Under this specific historical condition, in order to solve the problems of labor force and grain production in Sichuan, the Qing Dynasty adopted the measures of "reclaiming land for wasteland", and ten immigrants from Yu Sheng, such as Hubei and Hunan, settled in Sichuan one after another, with Hubei and Hunan being the most. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, of which Hubei and Hunan provinces each accounted for half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position. This paper discusses the status and role of Macheng immigrants in "Huguang filling Sichuan".

First, the background of implementing the policy of "Huguang filling Sichuan"

In the immigration history of China, the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty was a noteworthy historical event. The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became the land of four wars: the Ming army killed indiscriminately, the Qing army killed indiscriminately, the local strongmen killed indiscriminately, the rural hooligans killed indiscriminately, and Zhang was also suspected of killing indiscriminately. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.

After reunification, the Qing government implemented a series of "filling Sichuan" policies. Mainly to encourage immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan for reclamation. If it is stipulated that anyone who wishes to enter Sichuan will be given an acre of land as a permanent career. Poor people in all provinces who bring their wives to Sichuan can be naturalized. The preferential policies for recruiting people in Sichuan are closely related to the promotion of political achievements of officials at all levels and the encouragement of reclamation and recruitment. Implement additional preferential tax policies. Kangxi issued a letter to the mu of land reclaimed by immigrants, which stipulated that taxes would not be levied until five years later. And breeding populations will never be given. It also stipulates that the origin authorities of immigrants and people who have settled in Sichuan should cooperate with the transfer and verification, arrange household registration and be included in Jiabao. These policies have created a good environment and conditions for immigrants.

Two, Macheng immigrants into Sichuan conditions, forms and quantity.

According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. The immigration of Huguang into Sichuan has greatly promoted China society. Among them, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position in Sichuan.

Geographically speaking, Hubei Province is closest to Sichuan, and the Yangtze River flows into Sichuan Basin. In ancient times, it was the best route to enter Sichuan. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, migrants from Macheng, Hubei Province filled Sichuan, and the most people entered Sichuan and left their jobs. There are three immigration conditions in Macheng: first, Macheng is not far from Chongqing; Second, Macheng immigrants have a long history. In Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Macheng immigrants entered Sichuan. Third, it is related to Zhang's peasant uprising. Zhang stayed in Hubei for a long time, and then moved to Huguang and Jiangxi, especially Macheng, where many farmers joined the army. So many of Zhang's men are Macheng people. After Zhang's defeat, some people stayed in Sichuan anonymously.

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