What are the characteristics and reasons of urban distribution in Germany and Japan?

1. Urbanization in Germany is inseparable from rapid industrialization. Urbanization and industrialization in Germany are closely related. As we all know, Germany is one of the few countries in the world that has undergone two industrial revolutions in succession, and it has miraculously achieved national reunification in the process of industrialization. The reunification of the country further promoted the process of German industrialization. These characteristics of German industrialization also make German urbanization unique. Before Germany achieved national reunification, Prussia was the most economically developed area in Germany. Take this as an example. Before the first industrial revolution in the 1940s of 19, the urbanization rate of the eastern provinces of Germany was basically the same as that of the western provinces. However, with the rapid development of industrialization in the western region, the urbanization level in eastern Germany lags far behind that in western Germany. Due to the early industrialization process, areas like Saxony Kingdom soon became the core of urbanization in Germany. In South Germany, urbanization has also appeared in some areas, such as the Rhine and Nuremberg. Before the First World War, the urbanization of the industrialized west and Saxony had reached a high level. During the Second Industrial Revolution, with the development of industrialization, some German cities gradually weakened, such as Menxing-gladbach, because they regarded the traditional textile industry as the main pillar industry, which should be washed away by such floods in the process of industrialization. On the contrary, cities with mining and heavy industry as their pillar industries all rose in the second industrial revolution. These emerging cities can be divided into two categories: one is specialized cities that provide resources for the new economy, such as Dortmund and Dü sseldorf in Ruhr, which are heavy industrial cities that produce coal and steel; The other is a commercial service city that developed rapidly with industrialization at the end of 19. This is mainly because the rapid growth of urban population provides a market for the service industry. For example, Cologne, as a service provider in the western region, has tripled its population in 30 years, accelerating the process of urbanization. In the process of industrialization, Germany presents a trend of rapid urbanization. Urbanization needs convenient transportation, and industrial development just meets this requirement. After the industrial revolution, railway transportation has brought convenient transportation to various places, and many modern cities have developed by railways. They use railways to transport goods to various places and bring in consumer goods at the same time. German railway construction has made great achievements in the years of 1870- 19 10. The length of German railway is 18600km [1]. At that time, it ranked first in Central and Western Europe. Consistent with the growth trend of this large-scale railway construction and high-speed industrialization, the urbanization process in Germany is growing as fast as the spring breeze. There are two phenomena in the process of urbanization in Germany. First of all, big cities are constantly emerging, and the scale and number are increasing rapidly. From 1877 to 19 10, Germany is a city with a population of more than 100000, with a rapid growth, which is more than four times that of 19 10. Ruhr used to be dominated by agriculture, and later became the center of national industry. Here, many cities are connected and intertwined, and can only be divided by municipal boundaries. The speed of urbanization in Germany is so fast that after 1870, the degree of urbanization in Germany is very close to that in Britain. Second, in the process of urbanization in Germany, the population growth rate is significantly higher than that in Britain, France and other countries. Of course, this is in line with its industrialization, and the scale of core cities is developing rapidly. 1880- 19 10, the urban population growth rate in Germany was 2.5%, while that in Britain and France was only 1.6% and 1. 1% [2]. The rapid population growth of core cities is largely due to the annexation of nearby small towns and suburbs, which also makes cities and suburbs urbanized, that is, become satellite cities of central cities. Second, urbanization in Germany is accompanied by obvious population mobility. There are two main aspects of population movement. On the one hand, domestic population mobility. In the process of urbanization in Germany, the domestic population movement caused by industrialization has played a very important role in the rapid expansion of the city. From the unification of 187 1 Germany to the First World War, most of the German population continued to flow to rapidly changing emerging cities, and many people living in rural areas entered cities one after another to meet the demand for labor resources brought about by urbanization. As a result, the urban population has increased rapidly, while the rural population has decreased relatively. /kloc-The last decade of the 0/9th century was a turning point in the proportion of urban and rural population in Germany. According to statistics, 187 1 year, the proportion of rural residents in Germany exceeds 60% of the total population, while the proportion of urban residents is only over 30%. By 1900, the proportion of rural population is lower than that of urban population, and it has become the main composition of the national residents. Before World War I, the proportion of rural and urban population was basically reversed compared with that of 187 1, accounting for 40% and 60% respectively [4]. Generally speaking, the rapid growth of urban population played an obvious role in the adjustment of the proportion of urban and rural population in Germany during this period. Compared with 1885 and 19 10, the number of cities with a population of over 20,000 has almost doubled. The bigger the city, the faster the urbanization process. In addition to flowing from rural areas to cities, the domestic population movement also shows regional mobility, mainly from east to west. From underdeveloped areas in the east to newly industrialized cities in the west, such as from eastern provinces to Berlin and Saxony. At this time, population migration also reflects the national characteristics. For example, Berlin has become the center of national population movement, where people from all over the country gather. Large-scale population movement has accelerated the pace of urbanization in Germany and has also had an important impact on German society. First, the population structure has undergone major changes, with urban population concentrated and rural population dispersed, and urban residents have become the main body of the national residents. At the same time, it has also caused the current situation of dense population in the west and evacuation in the east. The other is that with industrialization, the professional structure in Germany has also undergone tremendous changes. With the process of industrialization, the number of people engaged in traditional industries such as agriculture and forestry is obviously decreasing, while the number of employed people in industries such as industry, commerce, transportation and service industry is rising sharply. Among them, commerce and transportation developed the fastest, which reflected the characteristics of Germany's second industrial revolution, that is, the rapid increase of railway mileage, and also reflected the characteristics that Germany gave priority to the development of transportation in the process of urbanization. During this period, the proportion of the employed population in Germany has been rising. On the other hand, foreign immigrants. Before the reunification of Germany, Germany was a country where a large number of people emigrated to find a place to live. The reasons are as follows: (1) The split state of Germany and the wars that have occurred for years make people have no stable life, and people would rather leave their hometown to find a stable one; (2) Germany's economy is backward, its business is extremely underdeveloped, and it has no ability to absorb all the natural growth of labor, so people have to go abroad to make a living. After 20 years of German unification, this phenomenon has undergone a fundamental reversal. Germany has suddenly changed from a labor exporter to a labor importer, and the number of German overseas immigrants accounts for a large proportion of the country's net population. Therefore, Germany's rapid industrialization and urbanization have created a large number of employment opportunities, and people do not have to go abroad to make a living. At the same time, these immigrants have also brought sufficient labor resources to German economic development. At that time, the residents who moved to Germany were mainly Austrian, Dutch and Italian. They emigrated to Germany in large numbers and settled in Germany. Before World War II, a large number of Russian immigrants also arrived in Germany. This phenomenon shows that Germany's self-produced labor force can no longer meet the development of German industrial economy. Japan's urbanization developed with industrialization, starting from the Meiji Restoration. Its main characteristics are: highly centralized urbanization mode. Japan's urbanization is a process of population flowing from rural areas and small towns to cities along the Pacific Ocean. The three metropolitan centers in Japan are Tokyo, Oshima and Nagoya. Tokyo is the largest metropolitan area. At present, 25% of Japan's population of 65.438+0.26 billion lives in and around 23 administrative districts of Tokyo, and the population of the three metropolitan areas accounts for 46.8% of the national population of 654.38+0.998. Concentration is also manifested in the high concentration of urban land spatial distribution. Japan 10 megacities are concentrated in the industrial zones along the Pacific coast, and 7 of them are located in the Tokaido metropolitan area from Tokyo to Osaka.