Palestine and Israel

The origin of the Palestinian question

The four Middle East wars were all centered around the Arab-Israeli dispute and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and naturally they could not be separated from the intervention of major powers. The core of the Middle East issue is the Palestinian issue, so we should start with the establishment of a national homeland in Palestine by Jews.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, there were less than 20,000 Jews in Palestine. Many Jews live in Europe, but they are discriminated against and persecuted. From 65438 to 0896, theodor herzl, a Jewish playwright and journalist living in Vienna, put forward the idea of establishing a Jewish autonomous country. 1897, the world Zionist organization was founded, and its program stated that the goal of Zionism was to establish the Jewish homeland of the Jewish nation in Palestine, which was guaranteed by public law.

During World War I, Britain planned to send troops to Palestine and take over Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire. The British believe that Zionism is in their own interests and support it. 1917165438+12, British foreign secretary Belfo said in a letter to Rory julia child, vice-president of the British Zionist Union: "On behalf of His Majesty's government, I am honored to convey to you the following statement of sympathy for the wishes of the Zionists. His Majesty's Government is in favor of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization. " This letter is called the Balfour Declaration.

During the Second World War, Jews actively sought the support of the United States and got the response from the United States. The United States Congress has adopted a series of resolutions and declarations in support of Jewish immigration to Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish state. 1945 In March, Roosevelt, then president of the United States, said after his trip to the Middle East that only military forces could establish and maintain a Jewish state in Palestine. After Truman took over as president of the United States, Secretary of State Stedding News emphasized when reporting to him on the Palestinian issue: "There has always been tension in the Middle East, which is mainly caused by the Palestinian issue. We have our own interests in this extremely important region of the United States. We believe that for the long-term interests of the United States, the whole issue should be handled with extreme caution. " 1946, 10/0 On October 4th, Truman issued a statement on the situation in Palestine, publicly expressing his readiness to help 10 million Jews move into Palestine.

The Palestinian issue is becoming more and more prominent. 1947+654381On October 27th, representatives of Arab and Jewish sides attended the meeting in London, but the meeting failed due to too great differences. From April 28th to May 6th and May 5th, the United Nations held a special meeting to discuss the question of Palestine. At that time, the Soviet Union regarded Jews as a Palestinian force against British imperialism. Therefore, gromyko, the representative of the Soviet Union, said in his speech that he suggested "establishing an independent, dual, democratic and Arab-Jewish state" in Palestine, or "dividing Palestine into two independent autonomous countries, one Jew and one Arab." After a heated debate, the second session of the United Nations voted on1October 29th with19471165438. Results The United States and the Soviet Union voted for it 33 times, Arab countries voted against it 13 times, and Britain abstained 10 times. Resolution 18 1 was adopted. In the same year, from February 8, 65438 to February 8, 17, the members of the Arab League met in Cairo and issued a statement resolutely opposing the partition resolution.

The United States saw the seriousness of the problem, and Truman said, "There is little hope of solving this problem without bloodshed." The leaders of Palestinian Jewish groups are also aware of the seriousness of the development. 1948 10 in the United States, Golda Meir said, "We are at war. There is not a Jew in Palestine who does not believe that we will win in the end, which shows the spirit of the country. "

Jewish groups raised a lot of money to buy weapons in the United States and Europe, and quickly formed an army of more than 30 thousand people. Jews and Palestinians often clash. 1On April 9, 948, Jewish armed groups launched a raid on the village of Dedjer Yassin near Jerusalem, killing all 250 Arabs in the village. On April 22, Jewish armed groups suddenly occupied Haifa Port and drove all 70,000 local Arabs out of their homes. By the end of April, more than 300,000 Arabs had been driven out of their homes.

1At midnight on May 4, 948, Ben-Gurion announced the establishment of the State of Israel and issued the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel. As soon as the State of Israel was established, the United States immediately recognized it. Truman wrote in his memoirs: "Just minutes after Israel announced its establishment 1 1, my press secretary Charlie Rose announced to reporters that the United States actually recognized the Israeli interim government."

Although the Arab countries in the resolution failed to be established, the Arab countries held discussions and consultations in advance on how to deal with the State of Israel. 1948 On April 16, the Arab League decided to send Arab League troops to Palestine after the British troops withdrew. On April 25, some Arab leaders held an emergency meeting and decided to stop using force to implement the partition resolution, and decided to rule Palestine by the Arab League after the British withdrawal.

The fatal weakness of disunity in Arab countries was exposed from the beginning. King Abdullah of Jordan wants to be an Arab League.

Commander-in-Chief, King Farouk of Egypt wanted to be the leader of the Arab world. Syria, Iraq and Lebanon formed the Arab Liberation Army. Arab countries rushed to send troops and did not form a joint command.

1948, 15 In the early morning of May, five members of the Arab League went to war against Israel, and the first Middle East war, the Palestinian war, began. Egypt dispatched two brigades with more than 10,000 people to attack the Negev in the south, and wiped out more than 65,438+10,000 Israeli troops. Syrian troops captured some Jewish settlements in the northeast. Iraqi troops crossed the Jordan River and made smooth progress all the way, occupying Nablus, Jenin and Tulkarem. The Lebanese army launched an attack on Marchia on the northern front. King Abdullah of Jordan commanded Arab troops to capture the Arab quarter of the old city of Jerusalem, forcing the Jewish quarter to surrender, and then surrounded the new city of Jerusalem.

The Israeli army can't stand the fierce attack of the Afghan army and is losing ground. The situation is very critical. Therefore, Israel urgently turned to the United States for help, asking for financial and arms assistance, and asking the United States to give strong political and diplomatic support. The United States has fully met Israel's demands. In addition to providing assistance, it also asked the Security Council to arrange a ceasefire around it in order to win a breathing space for Israel. On May 29th, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a ceasefire resolution.

During this period, Israel used the funds provided by the United States to buy a large number of advanced weapons such as tanks, cannons and planes, and stepped up conscription, increasing the number of troops from 30,000 to 60,000.

On July 9, just after the ceasefire period, Israel immediately sent a large number of troops to attack the Arab army. Within ten days, the Israeli army occupied 1000 square kilometers of land. Despite this, Israel still felt powerless, so it once again asked the United States to help achieve a ceasefire in an attempt to catch its breath and replenish its blood before the war. On July 18, the second ceasefire came into effect. The Israeli army used this time to actively prepare for the war. By June 65438 +654381October+May, it thought the time was ripe, so it tore up the ceasefire agreement and took the initiative to wage war against the Afghan army. After mediation by all parties, the Security Council adopted the ceasefire plan again in June 10 and June 19. Israel relied on the support of the United States to launch a larger attack on Arab troops such as Egypt at the end of 65438+February. 1949 65438+1On October 3rd, the two sides of the Arab-Israeli war ceased fire. In the First Middle East War, Israel occupied 4/5 of Palestinian land, which was more than 6,700 square kilometers more than the area stipulated in the partition resolution. 960,000 Palestinians have become refugees.