Where did grapes come to China?

As one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, China has a long history of cultivating grapes, and there are more than 30 kinds of grape plants (including varieties) native to China. For example, Vitis amurensis is distributed in Northeast China, North China and Central China, Pueraria lobata is produced in Central South China, and Vitis spinosa is produced in Central South to Southwest China, which is widely distributed. They are all wild grapes. In The Book of Songs Nan Zhou in the Spring and Autumn Period, there is a song of "Southern Wood, Gezhi", which is a kind of wild grape. Visible, more than 2500 years ago, grapes grew on the land of China, and clearly go down in history. The ocean has changed over the years. In the long history, the people of China have not only accumulated rich experience in grape cultivation and storage, but also placed infinite affection on grapes. Zuo Zhuan is famous as a gentleman.

China's earliest written records about grapes can be found in The Book of Songs. Poem Nan Zhou Polygonum: "There is Polygonum in the South.

Ge leizhi; Music is only for a gentleman, and happiness is only for him. Poem Feng Wang Ge: "Mianmian Ge is by the river. Brother and sister have separated, and the heart of the father is desolate. I don't mind calling others dad. " "Poetry, Wind and July": "June, food depression, July, sunflower and glutinous rice. Peel dates in August and get rice in October. To this end, spring wine is used to celebrate longevity. " From the above three poems, we can know that in the Shang Dynasty (BC1early 7th century-about ll century) reflected in the Book of Songs, people already knew how to collect and eat all kinds of wild grapes. Zhou Li is one of the Confucian classics, which brings together the official system of the Zhou royal family and the systems of other countries in the Warring States period, and adds the political ideals of Confucianism. Scholars have always attached great importance to rich literature, great ideas and all-encompassing academic research. Scholars who study China's ancient classics think that Zhou Li was written by Duke Zhou, while people who are close to him think it is a work of the Warring States period. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, wrote Notes on the Rites of Zhou together, which is a good example for scholars to learn. "Li Zhou Di Guan Situ" records: "The people in the field are in charge of the country's fields, while the fruits of trees and exotic things are hidden in time." Zheng Xuan's note: "Fruit belongs to the genus Jujube and Plum. , the genus of melon. Yizhen, Pu Tao, belongs to this batch. " This sentence is translated into today's text: "The farmer is in charge of the garden at the entrance of the porch, planting melons, fruits, grapes, batches and other things, and storing them in time." In this way, in the Zhou Dynasty about 300O years ago, China had grapes and vineyards and knew how to store grapes. At that time, grapes were regarded as rare fruits in the royal orchard.

According to legend, there was a minister named Li Yuanzhong in the Northern Qi Dynasty. In order to please the emperor, he made himself an official and was promoted. Not far away, Wan Li came to the Great Wall and found a plate of grapes for the emperor. When the emperor saw it, the grapes were crystal clear as pearls, and his mouth watered. When I tasted a sweet smell, I couldn't help but blurt out, "This is really a wonderful product in the world." After that, he ate a plate of grapes, still wanting more, which made the ministers salivate, and Li Yuanzhong got a hundred silks from it. It's incredible that a plate of grapes is exchanged for a hundred silks and satins.

According to archaeological data, the earliest grape cultivation area was between Caspian Sea and Black Sea in Asia Minor and its south bank. About 7000 years ago, grape cultivation began in South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other regions. In these areas, grape cultivation has gone through three stages, namely, the stage of collecting wild grape fruits, the stage of domestication and destruction of wild grapes, and the stage of grape cultivation spreading to Egypt with travelers and immigrants. A large number of precious cultural relics (especially floating beaches) found in ancient Egyptian tombs clearly describe the scenes of ancient Egyptians farming, harvesting grapes and brewing wine at that time. The most famous is the 6000-year-old Vatta-Hotep Tomb. Western scholars believe that this is the beginning of the wine industry. Greece is the first country in Europe to grow grapes and make wine. Some travelers and new conquerors brought grape planting and brewing technology from Asia Minor and Egypt to Crete, Greece, and gradually spread to the whole of Greece and its islands. 3OO0 years ago, grape cultivation in Greece was extremely prosperous. In the 6th century BC, the Greeks introduced the wine from Asia Minor to Gaul (present-day France) through Marseille Port, and introduced the grape planting and wine-making technology to Gaul. After learning from the Greeks the techniques of grape planting and wine brewing, the Romans quickly spread them in the Italian peninsula. In ancient Rome, grape cultivation was very common. Roman law (Twelve Bronze Tables Law, promulgated in 450 BC) stipulated that if you steal from vineyards, you will be severely punished. With the expansion of the Roman Empire, grape cultivation and wine-making technology spread rapidly to the Leijun River basin in France, Spain, North Africa and Germany, and formed a large scale. Until today, these areas are still important grape and wine producing areas. From 15 to 16 century, grape cultivation and wine-making techniques were introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea and America. /kloc-the middle of the 0/9th century is a period of great development of grape and wine production in the United States. 186 1 year introduced 200,000 grape seedlings from Europe and established vineyards in California, but almost all of them were destroyed due to the harm of nodule aphids. Later, native American grapes were used as rootstocks to graft European grapes, which prevented the root nodule aphid and gradually developed the wine production. Nowadays, wine is produced in North and South America. Argentina, California and Mexico are all world-famous wine producing areas.