A few questions about history

1 Time: 1640 (Charles I reconvenes Parliament)-1688 Glorious Revolution

The fundamental reason: the feudal autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalism and intensified class contradictions.

Task: To overthrow feudal autocracy and develop British capitalism.

Leading class: bourgeoisie and upstart.

Representative: Cromwell.

Farmers, craftsmen and the urban poor.

Results: The Bill of Rights of 1689 established the bourgeois dictatorship of British constitutional monarchy.

[Edit this paragraph] The process of bourgeois revolution

(1) fuse: Scottish people's uprising.

(2) revolutionary war stage

(1) the revolution began in 1640- 1642 parliamentary struggle, the lower parliament under the control of the bourgeoisie, new noble demanded to limit the monarchy, so the British bourgeois revolution began.

② During the civil war 1642- 1649. The parliamentary army led by Cromwell defeated the royalist army in the Battle of Naxibi and the Battle of Marston Wilderness.

(3) 1649, Charles I was executed and the Republic of China was established in Britain.

(3) 1660, the Stuart feudal dynasty (charles ii) was restored.

(4) 1688, Whigs and some Tories who supported the parliament invited James II's daughter Mary and the son-in-law William of Orange (later Mary Ⅱ and William III) of the Netherlands to return to China, launched a palace coup, overthrew the feudal rule of Stuart dynasty, and established the rule of bourgeois new noble, which was called "glorious revolution" in history.

(5) 1689, the bill of rights was promulgated, which marked the establishment of the constitutional monarchy bourgeois rule.

[Edit this paragraph] The influence of the British bourgeois revolution

(1) The British bourgeois revolution was a great victory of the capitalist system over the feudal system in human history, which cleared the way for the rapid development of British capitalism.

(2) The British bourgeois revolution started the bourgeois revolutionary movement in Europe and North America, which promoted the development of world history and was the beginning of modern world history.

(3) After the British bourgeois revolution, there appeared long-term political stability, which created a good environment for the smooth development of capitalism.

(4) The British bourgeois revolution did not fundamentally solve the backwardness of the political and economic system, but joined hands with reactionary nobles to suppress the British people's uprising.

French Revolution (French Revolution)

/kloc-Capitalism in some parts of France in the 0/8th century has been quite developed, with many capitalist handicraft factories, individual enterprises employing thousands of workers and advanced equipment. Strong financial capital. The bourgeoisie has become the richest class economically, but it is still in a helpless position politically. The vast majority of rural areas retain feudal land ownership and implement a strict feudal hierarchy. The first class composed of Catholic priests and the second class composed of nobles are the dominant privileged classes. The bourgeoisie, peasants and urban civilians constitute the third class and are in a dominant position. The highest representative of the privileged class is Bourbon King Louis XVI. At the end of 18, the contradiction between the third class and the privileged class became more and more serious. The privileged class stubbornly maintains its privileged position. At the third level, farmers and urban civilians are the basic masses and the main force of the later revolution. The bourgeoisie is in a leading position by virtue of its economic strength, political talent and cultural knowledge.

1789 in may, the king was forced to convene a three-level meeting, which was later changed to the national assembly and the constitutional assembly. On July 14, the people of Paris revolted and captured the Bastille, and the revolution broke out. On August 26th, the Constitutional Convention adopted the Declaration of Human Rights and Citizenship (hereinafter referred to as the Declaration of Human Rights), which established the basic principles of capitalism such as human rights, legal system, civil liberties and private property rights. Parliament also issued decrees to abolish the aristocratic system, the guild system and the confiscation and auction of church property. At the beginning of the revolution, the constitutional monarchy (Yang Fei School), which represented the interests of the big bourgeoisie and liberal aristocrats, gained political power. 1791On June 20th, Louis XVI fled in disguise (see Louis XVI's escape incident) and tried to collude with foreign forces to put out the revolution. He was caught halfway and sent back to Paris. The masses demanded the abolition of the monarchy and the implementation of * * * harmony, but the constitutional monarchy advocated maintaining the status quo and retaining the monarchy. Constitutional monarchists formulated the constitution of 179 1 and held a legislative meeting to safeguard the constitutional monarchy and oppose the continued development of the revolution.

The first and second classes reached a compromise with the big bourgeoisie, but the contradiction with the peasants and urban civilians, who accounted for the majority of the French population, did not ease. On the contrary, the people saw their own strength in the struggle. On August 1792, the people of Paris revolted again, overthrew the constitutional monarchy and arrested King Louis XVI. On September 2 1, the National Assembly was convened, and the French Republic was declared the next day.

10 After the uprising in August, gironde came to power. On September 20th, the French army defeated the foreign intervention army in the battle of Valmy. The National Assembly elected by universal suffrage opened on September 2 1, and the first French Republic was established on September 22. During gironde's administration, he issued decrees to force nobles to return illegally occupied public land, lease or sell confiscated church land to farmers, and severely crack down on priests and fugitive nobles who refused to take an oath to the Constitution. 1793 65438+1October 2 1 day, the National Association executed Louis XVI for treason after trial.

Gironde focused on opposing jacobins, the Paris Commune and the Paris pants-free people headed by robespierre. Since the autumn of 1792, mass movements have sprung up in ceiling price, demanding to crack down on speculators. The populist revolutionaries, represented by the cynics, demand that speculators be severely punished, the prices of daily necessities be completely limited, and the enemy be attacked by terrorist means. Gironde decreed to suppress the movement. 1793 from February to March, European countries headed by Britain formed an anti-French alliance to strengthen armed intervention; There was also a large-scale royalist rebellion in China. In April, the main commander of the front line, General Di muriel of gironde, defected to the enemy. At the critical moment of the revolution, the Parisian people launched the third uprising from May 3rd to June 2nd, overthrew the rule of gironde and established the dictatorship of jacobins.

Jacobins promulgated the Constitution of jacobin, abolished feudal ownership, put down the rebellion in gironde and shattered the armed intervention of European monarchies. However, the anti-labor Lafeixia law and the compulsory labor law for agricultural workers are still maintained, and anger and Abelism are suppressed.

Unfortunately, however, jacobins's radical terror policy also led to division and infighting, and isolated robespierre could not completely protect the achievements of the French Revolution. However, the anti-French alliance was pieced together again and again by the feudal monarchs in Europe, and besieged the French Revolution round after round in an attempt to restore the feudal politics of the French Bourbon dynasty. 1On July 27th, 794, the rightist forces suppressed by Romania launched a hot moon coup in jacobin, arrested robespierre and St. Just, and established the hot moon party rule. At this time, the most critical moment of the revolution has passed, and enthusiasts have established a new revolutionary government-the governor's government. They eliminated the revolutionary terror policy and radical measures in the robespierre period, established the normal rule of the bourgeoisie, safeguarded the * * * and political power, and safeguarded the achievements of the French bourgeois revolution.

However, the forces of foreign encirclement and suppression revolution are still surging. At this time, a new political star appeared in the governor's government. He is Napoleon, and history has eliminated fans. In the "foggy month coup", young Napoleon came to power and shouldered the heavy responsibility of sweeping the feudal forces in Europe and finally consolidating the achievements of the Great Revolution.

This is how the revolutionary forces in France advance in waves. A group of people who have completed their historical mission at a specific stage are ruthlessly eliminated by history, and so on until the revolution is successful. This revolution destroyed the feudal autocracy in France and promoted the development of French capitalism. It also impacted the feudal system in Europe and promoted the revolutions in European countries.

The American War of Independence is also known as the North American War of Independence.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the British began to establish colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. 100 years later, there were 13 British colonies in North America. The inhabitants of these colonies are not only British immigrants and native Indians, but also people from other European countries and black slaves from Africa. Every colony was ruled by a governor sent by Britain. At this time, the colony has developed a large number of plantations and established a variety of industries such as textile, ironmaking and mining, and its economy is relatively prosperous.

In order to increase the financial power, the British government constantly increased the tax revenue of the colonies and arbitrarily oppressed and brutally exploited them. 1765, the British came up with a new trick: stamp duty. They stipulate that all official documents, contracts, licenses, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, documents and wills must be stamped with tax stamps before they can take effect and circulate. This aroused the great anger of the colonial people, so secret anti-British organizations such as "sons of liberty" and "Communication Committee" appeared one after another, and anti-British incidents occurred from time to time, such as boycotting British goods, driving away tax collectors, burning tax stamps, armed resistance and so on. All this caused panic in the British government, and they immediately sent troops to suppress it. 1On March 5, 770, British troops opened fire on unarmed citizens in Boston, killing five citizens and injuring six others on the spot, thus creating the "Boston Massacre" that shocked North America. Anti-British anger is burning in the hearts of colonial people, and a war for independence and freedom is about to burn in the North American continent.

3 1660 After the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, it began to do the opposite, not only vigorously suppressing the opposition and attempting to restore the centralization of the king, but also attempting to restore Catholicism in Britain, which aroused the opposition of the Whigs and some Tories in Britain at that time, and the contradiction gradually intensified. It happened that James II, a Catholic, had a son with his second wife. There is no doubt that the future king will be Catholic in the future! In this way, people thought that after James II's death, his Protestant daughter's hope of succession was dashed, so people decided to take action. Several celebrities, including the Bishop of London, sent a secret letter to Mary and William, daughters of Dutch Protestant James II, inviting them to come to Britain to protect Britain's "religion, freedom and property". For William, what he is most concerned about is how to win the British throne for his wife and himself. At the same time, he also thought that his entry into Britain could prevent Britain from forming an alliance with France against the Netherlands, so he accepted the invitation. In order to avoid 1660 drawing lessons from the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, Britain decided to restrict the king's power by law and ensure its own power, so it put forward a "declaration of rights" to William and Mary at the plenary session of the upper and lower houses of parliament, demanding that the king should not stop the legal effect without the consent of the parliament, and no Catholic should collect taxes without the consent of the parliament in the future. William accepted these demands, that is, the British throne is for William III and Mary is the Queen of England, not for Mary Ⅱ. 1689 10, Parliament passed the Declaration of Rights and made it into law, which is the Bill of Rights.

[Edit this paragraph] Contents of the British Bill of Rights

The full name of the British Bill of Rights is the Declaration of National Rights, Freedoms and Succession to the Crown.

Theme and the crown of success), the content is not much, only a short thirteen:

1 Any power to stop the law or stop the implementation of the law without the consent of the National Assembly is illegal.

Recently, it is illegal to abolish the law or enforce the law with the authority of the king.

The order to set up an imperial court to hear religious affairs, as well as all other similar orders and courts, are illegal and harmful.

Without the permission of Congress, it is illegal to collect money for the king or use it for the king under the pretext of the king's privilege, which exceeds the time limit or method permitted by Congress.

Petition to the king is the right of subjects, and all convictions or charges against this petition are illegal.

Unless approved by the National Assembly, it is illegal to recruit or maintain a standing army in the Kingdom at ordinary times.

All subjects who are Protestants, in order to defend themselves, can consider the situation and equip themselves with weapons within the scope permitted by law.

The election of members of parliament should be free.

Freedom of speech, debate or deliberation in the National Assembly should not be impeached or questioned in any court or anywhere outside the National Assembly.

10 should not demand too much bail, nor should it impose too high a fine, nor should it indiscriminately impose cruel and extraordinary penalties.

1 1 Jury officers should be officially registered and declared, and all jury officers trying treason cases should be free to inherit.

12 before conviction, all transfers made by a specific person and all commitments made to fines and confiscation of property are illegal and invalid.

13 In order to redress all grievances, amend, strengthen and safeguard laws, Congress should meet from time to time.

People can see that the "Thirteen Articles" mainly have two aspects: one is to restrict the power of the king and the actual sovereignty of the British king, such as 1, 2, 4 and 6; Second, ensure the legislative power, financial power, judicial power and military power of the parliament, such as Articles 8, 9 and 13.

[Edit this paragraph] The continuation of the British Bill of Rights.

170 1 year, the British Parliament passed another law of succession to the throne, which was regarded as a supplement to the Bill of Rights. These two laws established the principle of "Parliament is supreme" in Britain and were an important step towards constitutional monarchy. Parliament has gradually become the highest authority of the country. The Bill of Rights is one of the most important bills in British history since the Magna Carta, and the British Bill of Rights can be regarded as the predecessor of the American Constitution. It changed the history of mankind and had a great and far-reaching impact on Britain and the world.

Finally, I would like to add two points by the way: 1 The Bill of Rights plays a constitutional role in Britain and belongs to a constitutional document, but it is not a written constitution. The first written constitution in the world is the American Constitution of 1787; After the promulgation of the Constitution of the United States 1787, it was substantially revised in 1789, mainly supplemented by the amendment of 10, which is usually called the Bill of Rights (or Bill of Rights).