History of Han dynasty

See: Peasant Uprising in the Late Qin Dynasty and the Dispute between Chu and Han.

Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, was a man named Pei Fengyi, who did not take part in agricultural labor at ordinary times. In his youth, Qin Shihuang had unified China, and he became the curator of Qin Sishui Pavilion, which was very close to county officials. Liu bang was unruly all his life, but he was brave, ambitious and generous and could live up to expectations.

In the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), a peasant uprising broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang also fought in Pei County, his hometown, and was called Pei Gong. Later, he joined Xiang Shu's resistance to Qin Yijun. In the first 207 years, Liu Bang led the troops into the customs, and Zi Ying, the king of Qin, fell and Qin died.

After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, in the first 206 years, Xiang Yu named Liu Bang Hanwang. Later, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang launched a four-year battle between Chu and Han. With the help of Xiao He, Han Xin, Sean and others, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu in the Battle of Gaixia, and officially proclaimed himself emperor in the first 202 years, still using the word "Han", and the Han Dynasty began. See: Cloth and clothes must be the same, rest and recuperation, inaction, Lv Hou autocracy, Zhu Lu rebellion.

After Liu Bang acceded to the throne, he adopted the advice of his uncle Sun Tong, restored etiquette, set up three public prostitutes, appointed Xiao He as prime minister, and implemented a policy of rest and quiet rest. Encourage production and ignore taxes. Politically, the heroes Han Xin, Ying Bu were first made king. When the regime was stable, in order to prevent rebellion and consolidate the stability of imperial power, their titles were cancelled on various charges, or they were demoted or killed, and Liu's relatives were changed to be king, and the oath of "If Liu is not king, the world will be * * *" was made.

At this time, due to years of turmoil and weak national strength, when Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang attacked the Xiongnu, he was besieged by Xiongnu Khan in Deng Bai, that is, the siege of Deng Bai. Since then, the Han dynasty adopted a pro-marriage policy and exchanged marriage and treasure for the peace of the empire. So there was no war in the early Han dynasty, and the people were able to recuperate.

After Liu Bang's death, Liu Ying succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty, but this period was actually the system of Lv Hou. Cao Can was elected as the Prime Minister in the will of the Emperor Liu Bang, and followed the political policy of Huang Lao of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, achieving the effect of "politics is not out of the government, and the world is natural", which was praised by historians. However, at the same time, Lv Hou appointed consorts and suppressed heroes, resulting in the "chaos among the emperors". See also: the rule of Wenjing, the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, and the country of South Vietnam.

After Lv Hou's death, the rebellion of Zhulu was eradicated by the ministers headed by Zhou Bo, and the ministers embraced Emperor Wen in succession. Under the influence of Dou, the Empress of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wendi and his son Jingdi continued to adopt the method of doing nothing, and implemented the policy of being frivolous and generous and sharing interests with the people, which restored the great damage caused by years of war and reduced the burden on the people. Although the only turmoil in this period occurred during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty-the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", it was pacified by Zhou Yafu and Luan Bu only three months later, and it did not have a substantial impact on the Han Dynasty.

During this period, although the Huns invaded the Central Plains several times, they were in a relatively peaceful state most of the time. The Han Dynasty, on the other hand, continuously accumulated national strength and actively prepared for war through a series of measures. The history of this period is called "the rule of cultural scenes", which was the first rule of China's unified dynasty and admired by later historians. See: ousting a hundred schools of thought, respecting Confucianism alone, the title of Jinyan Tieguan camp, the prosperity of Hanwu, the Hundred Years War between Han and Hungary, the Silk Road, and the disaster of witchcraft.

After the death of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, his son Liu Che acceded to the throne, namely Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. During Liu Che's reign, he adopted a series of reform measures, pioneering and expanding his territory, which laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of the Han Dynasty.

Politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the imperial power, created the title of the year, adopted Zhu's suggestion, and implemented the decree, which weakened the power of the princes. Since then, the power of the vassal king can no longer pose a threat to the central government. Later, more than 100 titles were cancelled on the grounds that the contributions made by governors were impure, which was called "the loss of Hou" in history books. After the second incident, centralization was greatly strengthened.

Culturally, the idea of "Huang Lao talks about doing nothing" in the Han Dynasty was abolished and the country was actively governed; He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and began to reuse Confucianism. Although Liu Che used all kinds of talents such as Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, vertical and horizontal talents, and the Han Dynasty always adopted the policy of "gathering hegemony and king" to govern the country, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached importance to Confucianism and gradually became the mainstream thought of China after two thousand years.

Militarily, actively respond to the biggest foreign enemy invasion in the Han Dynasty-Xiongnu. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the treatment of soldiers was greatly improved. When patrolling the north, the border guards were rewarded with 6.5438+0 million silks and 2 million yuan at a time. During this period, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, Li Guang and other outstanding generals appeared in the Han Dynasty, and finally defeated the Xiongnu, built Guanglusai and Juyansai of the Great Wall, recovered Hetao, and incorporated Hexi into the territory, resulting in the situation that there was no Wang Ting in the south of the desert, and successively annexed South Vietnam, Fujian, Yelang, Yunnan and Wei Man Korea, and made an expedition to Dayuan to surrender to western countries, making China a leading power at that time. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the territory of the Han Dynasty, which was also an important period for the Han Dynasty to become powerful.

Diplomatically, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, opening up the Silk Road. Liu Xijun, Liu and Wu Sun, the two Weng masters, were pro-Western, thus achieving the goal of alienating and controlling the western regions, opening up the Silk Road from Chang 'an to Central Asia and becoming a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. See: Huo Guang's assistant government, Yan Tielun, Zhao Xuanzhongxing, Western Regions.

In the later years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a famous "witch disaster" happened, which resulted in unjust death. The Han dynasty experienced many years of war, which had a great impact on the economy, resulting in the weakness of the national strength of the Han dynasty and the squandering of the savings of the previous dynasty. To this end, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated the famous Imperial Decree of Luntai in his later years, and he was no longer militaristic. In order to save the economy during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a series of policies were adopted, such as putting money, salt and iron under the central management, strengthening agricultural production, implementing and legalizing it, digging the White Canal, establishing the policy of equal loss and leveling, stabilizing prices and strengthening economic control.

After Liu Che's death, Liu Fuling, who was only seven years old, succeeded Zhao Han to the throne. At the beginning of his reign, Zhao Di was assisted by Shangguan Jie, Tian, Sang Hongyang and Huo Guang. However, in the first year of Yuanfeng (the first 80 years), a coup broke out in Yuanfeng, and Emperor Zhao Han soberly killed Shangguan Jie and other accomplices, thus avoiding Huo Guang's unjust death. Huo Guang was able to continue to assist Zhao Di, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, in governing the country, which was known as Huo Guang Fuzheng in history.

In his later years, Huo Guang followed the national policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and continued to recuperate at home, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. After the death of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, Sun Changyi and Wang Liuhe acceded to the throne, which was called the abolition of Han Dynasty in history. Because of his indulgence, he was abolished by Huo Guang, and then Huo Guang welcomed Emperor Liu Xun of Xuan Di to the throne. In the second year of Dijie (the first 68 years), after the death of Huo Guang, Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, took charge. Later, due to the arrogance of the Khodorkovsky family, Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di wiped out the Khodorkovsky family who tried to rebel.

Xuan Di, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, abandoned unrealistic Confucianism and adopted a policy of combining Taoism and law in governing the country. During his reign, he cared about the sufferings of the people and used public land to resettle refugees. He often sends officials to inspect people's livelihood in order to reduce taxes and relieve the affected people. He also set up regular warehouses to supply frontier munitions and balance food prices, and sent letters to help the widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed, widowed. After Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di came to power, the national economy was restored and the national situation reached its peak in the Western Han Dynasty. The arrival of the four nationalities in Korea once again ushered in a prosperous time in the Han Dynasty, which was called "filial piety" in history.

In the second year of Shenjue (the first 60 years), Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu, set up the Western Regions Capital Protection House in Wu Leicheng, and the Han Dynasty decrees were issued in the Western Regions. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di, the Xiongnu declined and further split, and the southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In the third year of Emperor Zhao Jian of the Han and Yuan Dynasties (the first 36 years), Zhi Zhi Khan, a northern Xiongnu, was beheaded by Shang Chen, and issued a statement, "Whoever commits Han will be punished from afar!" "The strong voice of the times, since then the Sino-Hungarian war came to an end. See: Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, the New Dynasty and Wang Mang's restructuring.

After the death of Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, Liu ascended the throne, and the Western Han Dynasty began to decline. Emperor Han and Yuan were soft-hearted and Confucian, which led to the decline of imperial power and the rise of consorts eunuchs. After the death of Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Ao acceded to the throne. Emperor Han Chengdi was a lecherous, and he loved Queen Xu, Ban Jieyu and Zhao's sisters (Zhao and Zhao Hede) successively. Because Zhao's sister was infertile, the children of Emperor Han Chengdi and other concubines were killed by Zhao's sister, which was called "Yan pecked at the emperor's grandson" in history. Because "wine invades the bones", Emperor Hancheng finally died in the gentle country. Emperor Hancheng ignored the state affairs, which provided conditions for the rise of Wang Zhaofei Group, and the power of Queen Mother Zheng Jun expanded rapidly. After the death of Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty, Liu Xin ascended the throne, mourning for Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty had a habit of cutting off his sleeves, hanging out with his favorite Dong Xian all day, regardless of state affairs. Wang Shufei's power has been further expanded.

The country has shown the image of doomsday, and folk "re-ordering" arguments abound. 1, 15 In August, Emperor Han Aidi died. On August 17, 2007, the Empress Dowager Wang sent Wang Mang to replace Dong Xian as Fu to welcome her. 10 June 17, Liu Kan acceded to the throne as Emperor Han Ping. However, Emperor Han Ping became a puppet of Wang Mang. On February 3rd, 2006, Emperor Han Ping, who was only 14 years old, died of illness. Wang Mang appointed Liu Ying, who was only two years old, as the Crown Prince and the "Photo Emperor". In 81February, Wang Mang abolished the position of the Crown Prince Shunying, established a new dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty perished. See: Greenwood Hero, Red Eyebrow Army, Eastern Han Unified War, Guangxu Zhongxing.

Xin Mang was destroyed by Red Eyebrows and Greenwood Uprising. The outlaws made Liu Xuan, the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, emperor, and restored the title of the Han Dynasty, which was called Xuanhan in history, and changed the dynasty, and Liu Xuan became emperor again. In 25 years, following the title of Han Dynasty, the Red Eyebrow Army established Liu Pengzi as emperor, which was called Red Eyebrow Han in history. When the Yuan Dynasty was founded, Liu Pengzi established the world emperor, and then defeated the outlaws.

Liu Xiu, a relative of the Han clan who belonged to the original emperor, proclaimed himself in the south of Yanxian County, killed Liu Xuan and became Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. He followed the title of the Han Dynasty, saying that the first year of Jianwu was the capital of Luoyang, and the history was called the Eastern Han Dynasty. Guangwudi decided to conquer Guanzhong, surrender the bronze horse, eliminate the red eyebrow, recover the capital city, and then eliminate the separatist forces such as Xiao Wei and Gongsun Shu, thus realizing national reunification.

Guangwudi abolished Wang Mang's graft and promoted Confucianism, making the Eastern Han Dynasty the most beautiful and prosperous dynasty of Confucianism. At that time, the society was stable, centralization was strengthened, and consorts were strictly restricted, which was called "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history. See: Zhang Ming's Ruling, Buddhism in Han Dynasty, White Tiger View Conference, and Ban Chao's Governance of the Western Regions.

During the reign of Emperor Han Ming and Zhang Han, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered a period of national strength recovery, which was called "the rule of Zhang Ming" in history. In the 16th year of Yongping (73), Emperor Hanming sent Dou Gu to attack the northern Xiongnu, and Dou Gu defeated Huyan Wang in Tianshan Mountain and occupied Yiwu. So all the countries in the western regions sent their sons to serve, and they were reinstated the next year to protect the governments in the western regions. Therefore, "the isolation of the western regions for 65 years is a return to Taoism." However, Yan Qi and Qiuci rebelled and captured the capital of the western regions. After Zhang Han acceded to the throne, he was unwilling to move the capital to China due to the exhaustion of resources in the western regions.

In October (88) of the second year of Zhanghe River, General Dou Xian rode a chariot, led his troops out of the village, defeated the Xiongnu, and climbed Yanran Mountain to carve stones and make contributions, which is known as Yanran's contribution. In the 3rd year of Han Yongyuan (9 1), Dou Xian led the army to attack Jinwei Mountain again, and the northern Xiongnu fled and disappeared. In the later period of Zhang, the consorts became increasingly domineering, which opened the prelude to the struggle between relatives and officials in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

In the 12th year of Yu Yongping's reign (69 years), China belonged to Ailao State, which is located in present-day Yunnan and northern Myanmar. Emperor Hanming established Yongchang County here, which initially laid the foundation for China's rule over Yunnan, and made all ethnic groups in ancient Ailao integrate into China.

Ming and Zhang emperors ruled for thirty-one years (57-88 years), adhering to the wishes of Emperor Guangwu and guarding against consorts Chen Xun; Repeated letters were sent to recruit refugees and relieve widows and the poor 9 times; After the restoration of the tribute channel, the tribute channel was eliminated since Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty. Manage the western regions, then cut off the Xiongnu's right arm, and reset the Western Regions Duhu House and Wuji Captain. History contains "the world is peaceful and the people are rich", which is called "the rule of Ming". See: the struggle between Qi and officials, the first eunuch era, domineering generals.

In 88, Emperor Gaozu Zhang died, and Han He, who was only ten years old, succeeded to the throne, and was made a prince by Dou Taihou. Dou's bossiness towards Qi aroused the dissatisfaction of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the 4th year of Yongyuan (92), the Han Emperor joined forces with the eunuch Zheng Zhong to eliminate the clan of the Dou family, and the later Han Emperor reused Zheng Zhong, Cai Lun and other wise ministers, so the later Han Dynasty book called "how to use the power of officials in the middle, and how to start from the public". After Han and Emperor ruled the country, they got up early every day, read the letter in the middle of the night, and never neglected political affairs. Therefore, he is called "hard work has an end." During his tenure, he sent many letters to help victims, reduce taxes, resettle refugees, not go against the farming season, recruit wise men, and advocate leniency in the legal system. Externally, the Northern Xiongnu was defeated and moved westward, and the Western Region was restored as the capital of the Western Region, and Ban Chao was appointed to surrender to the countries in the Western Region. In the first year of Yongxing (105), the cultivated land area reached 7.32 million hectares, the highest in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a registered population of 53.25 million. After Han and Emperor ruled the country, the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak, and people called it "Yuan Long through the ages".

In the first year of Yuanxing (105), in the winter of 65438+ February, Han and Emperor died at the age of 27. Liu Long, the youngest son born only one hundred days ago, ascended the throne as Shang Emperor. After eight months in office, Emperor Deng Sui died, and the grandson of Emperor Gaozu Zhang was made emperor for the sake of Emperor Han. Empress Deng made a fortune and appointed wise men, which enabled the Eastern Han Dynasty to spend "ten years of floods and droughts". At the same time, she limited the influence of the family, but connived at the influence of eunuchs.

In the first year of Jianguang (12 1), Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor Han Andi took power, and the Deng clan was destroyed. Andi relied on the power of consorts and eunuchs such as Song and Yan, favoring treacherous court officials, acting recklessly and becoming increasingly corrupt. In March of the fourth year of Yan Guang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died in Yecheng. The consort Yan remained silent and supported the son of Jibei, the grandson of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. She was called Little Emperor before the Han Dynasty, but she died of illness after only 200 days in office.

After the death of Shaodi, the Yan family plotted to build a puppet again, but it was broken by Sun Cheng, the servant, and the Yan family was killed. Sun Li Wang Liu Bao was Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty. In the early days of Shun Di's rule, the eunuch's power expanded, but it triggered a rebound from all walks of life. In the first year of Yang Jia (132), Liang Nan, an aristocrat, was made queen. From then on, Liang Nan's consorts began to rise, and Liang Nan's brother Liang Ji was appointed general. In August of the second year of Han 'an (143), Bing acceded to the throne at the age of 2, and Empress Liang reigned. In the first year of Yongjia, Emperor Han Chong died at the age of three.

On the 25th day of the first month, the great-grandson of Emperor Zhang of Hanzhao was made Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The quality emperor was very clever, calling Liang Ji a "overbearing general", so the quality emperor was quickly killed at the age of eight. Herry Liu, the great grandson of Emperor Zhang of Hanzhao, succeeded to the throne of Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty. Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty was young, and Empress Liang continued to be in power. At the beginning of Emperor Wudi's accession to the throne, Liang Ji was powerful, destroying loyalty and enriching the people, and doing evil. Emperor Huan of Han secretly was also very dissatisfied with him. On the 10th day of August in the second year of Yan Xi, Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty conspired with eunuchs to send troops to surround Liang Zhai, and both husband and wife committed suicide, and Liang's consorts perished. After eunuchs became the new power center, Shan Chao, Huang Xu, You Yuan, Zuo Xun and Tang Heng were made county kings. Shan Chao's food city has 20,000 households, and was later named as a general riding a car. The other four people each have ten thousand households, called Wuhou. See: the disaster of the same party, ten constant attendants, the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, the separatist regime in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Yongkang (167)1February 28th, Emperor Huan died childless, and Hejian Kai's great-grandson succeeded to the throne as Emperor Han Ling, which triggered a fierce power struggle between consorts headed by Dou Taihou and Dou Wu and eunuchs headed by Cao Jie and Wang Fu. On the seventh day of September in the first year of Jianning (168), the eunuch staged a coup and the consorts' power was weakened. Eunuch created the second party block in the same year. However, the spirit emperor himself is arrogant and extravagant. In order to make up for the public selling of officials and titles, the corruption of state affairs reached the extreme. It led to the Yellow Scarf Uprising in 184. Although the rebellion was quickly put down, the national strength of the Han government was greatly reduced after this battle. In addition, in order to successfully counter the rebellion, the central government also delegated military power to local state officials. From then on, local strongmen and clans began to stand on their own feet, which made their already strong economic strength worse. Finally, they evolved into a situation in which many strongmen and warlords, such as Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Cao Cao, Sun Jian and Dong Zhuo, were separated and competed with each other.

After the death of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, Liu Bian succeeded to the throne, which was called Shaodi in history, and the empress of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty was the empress dowager. All political affairs depend on the queen mother and the blade of the general who holds the military power. Soon after, both the consort He Jin and the eunuch were buried in the sea of fire, finally ending the struggle between the consort and the officials. When Dong Zhuo came to power, Liu Bian, the little emperor of the later Han Dynasty, was abolished as the King of Hongnong and replaced by Liu Xie, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. After Dong Zhuo was killed by Lu Bu, the warlord regime was completely superficial, and Cao Cao, who controlled the central government, appeared. Yuan Shao, located in Hebei; Yuan Shu, Huainan; Sun Quan of Jiangdong; Liu Biao, located in Jingzhou; Liu Zhang and other troops were stationed in Yizhou. Among them, Cao Cao "held the emperor to make the princes" and crusaded against warlords in the name of the prime minister of the Han Dynasty. In the battle of Guandu, he destroyed the main force of Yuan, the biggest enemy, but at the same time he improved the power of the Han Dynasty and acted as the emperor's plenipotentiary agent in handling state affairs. At this time, the Han emperor was already in name only. Although Cao Cao won Lien Chan in the early stage, Battle of Red Cliffs was defeated by Sun and Liu Lianjun. Two-thirds of the potential is gradually forming. In the first month of 220, after Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi captured the throne, forced to give way in October, changed the country name to Wei, and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished. Therefore, Liu Bei immediately announced in Shu that he inherited the legal system of the Han Dynasty and established a regime that followed the name of the Han Dynasty, known as Shu Han in history. Although Sun Quan of Jiangdong became a vassal of Wei, he was independent both at home and abroad. A few years later, Sun Quan also became emperor, with the title of Wu. See: the battle of Hanzhong in Chibi, the battle of Yiling, the battle of capturing Meng Huo seven times, the battle of going out of Qishan six times, the battle of conquering the Central Plains nine times, and the battle of destroying Shu by Wei.

In the first year of Zhangwu (22 1), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, re-established the Han Dynasty as the Han Dynasty, continued the unification of the Han Dynasty, and became known as Zhangwu, and the Han Dynasty was revived again. However, before this, that is, in the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (2 19), Guan Yu, a famous soldier guarding Jingzhou, invaded Cao Wei in the north, flooded seven armies, escaped from the Forbidden City and attacked Pound, which had a great influence on China. Sun Quan of Soochow was afraid that Liu Bei's influence threatened him, so he sent Monroe to attack Jingzhou (mainly Nanjun and Gongan), and Guan Yu was defeated and killed. Guan Yu's loss of Jingzhou made Liu Bei badly hurt.

Just after Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, he was defeated by Lu Xun, the general of Wu State, in the battle of Yiling, and finally retreated to Baidicheng. Liu Bei died in April of the third year of Zhangwu (223) and died as Emperor Zhaolie.

In the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang put down the rebellion in many counties in the south, subdued the tribal forces of southern ethnic minorities with Huairou policy, and solved the problem of the rear area of Shu and Han. In 228, the 6th year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang made a northern expedition to Cao Wei and successively seized counties, but failed in the key battle of Jieting in Ma Su, forcing Zhuge Liang to withdraw. Later, Masu, who was responsible for this, was punished according to law.

After that, Zhuge Liang continued the Northern Expedition, but because the supply line was too long and there was not enough food and grass, he was forced to retreat many times. As a result, the Northern Expedition never achieved great results, but he still occupied Wudu and Yin Ping counties of Cao Wei for a long time. In the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan in the fifth Northern Expedition, and then Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun took over the political affairs, so the people of Shu and Han maintained political clarity.

After the death of Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, Liu Chan began to take charge of the state affairs. However, due to the favor of eunuchs Huang Hao and Chen Zuo, the state affairs began to deteriorate. General Jiang Wei continued to explore the North from 247 to 262, which aggravated the political pressure of Shu Han, and the government affairs in the palace were left unattended, consuming his own strength day by day. The palace was gradually controlled by eunuch Huang Hao, making the war ahead unknown to Liu Chan, which eventually led to the success of Wargo's sneak attack on Chengdu and Liu Chan's surrender. Later, Jiang Wei "pretended to surrender" and planned to restore the country with the help of Zhong Hui, but the plan failed, he was killed and the Han Dynasty ended.