Can a dog bear a grudge if it is beaten by its owner?

Because the dog's memory can be divided into three types: present memory, scene memory and destination memory. They are limited by the scope of vision, limited memory extension and influenced by the surrounding environment, so dogs generally don't hold grudges. However, if a dog is beaten for a long time for no reason, it may become uneasy and sensitive, and it may not trust human beings. In serious cases, it may self-harm and attack human beings.