What ethnic groups are there in America?

"phoebus apollo" Indians call themselves phoebus apollo. According to legend, the god who traveled around the stars came to the earth. They smelled the fragrance of the world and heard the sweet birds singing, but without the sun, the earth was dark. The poorest god is determined to make sacrifices to light up everything on earth. He bravely jumped into the fire and was swallowed up by the flame, so the sun rose and lit up the earth.

Indians are the earliest inhabitants of America, and their ancestors migrated to America from Asia as early as 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. It first entered North America through the Bering Continental Bridge, and then spread to South America. They belong to the American branch of Mongolian race and use Indian language.

At the end of the century, the Italian navigator Columbus mistakenly thought that the America he arrived in was India, and mistakenly called the native Americans "Indians". Later, people called them "Indians" to distinguish them from Indians. Today's Indians have many nationalities and tribes, which are distributed in North and South America.

Since the 20th century, due to the invasion and slaughter of European colonists, the number of Indians has drastically decreased, and it did not begin to rise until the 20th century, and now there are more than 30 million people. Today, most Indians are engaged in agriculture and mining. A few people live a traditional life in the Amazon forest, and some people go to cities to make a living, resulting in a highly educated intellectual class.

Indians' exploration of American continent enriched the content of the history of human civilization in the world. They established the Aztec, Mayan and Inca civilizations in ancient times. They first planted potatoes, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, corn, sunflower and other crops, which made great contributions to world agricultural production. Their artistic creations, especially the oral legends of the Indians in the Andes, feather ornaments, wood carving, embroidery, weaving and pottery making, are still there today. It is an important foundation for the development of American culture. The traditional customs preserved by Indians in the Amazon basin have enriched modern civilization.

Inca Inca, the founder of the Inca Empire, is a branch of South American Indians, also known as "Inca", which means "prince" in Quechua, belonging to the American branch of Mongolian race and using Quechua.

The Incas were originally a tribe in the central Andes. 165438+Since the 20th century, the Incas have conquered the Indian races in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, western Argentina and northern Chile and established the Inca Empire. The inhabitants of the empire were later called Incas, forming the Inca Chuya. After the Spanish invaded America, the Inca Empire collapsed, and the Quechua and Aymara were originally composed of pro-Indian knights, but now they are scattered in Andean countries.

The Inca Empire was the tightest regime of American Indians. In the empire, people with the same ancestry and totem are divided into kings, nobles, monks, civilians and slaves, forming a grassroots social and economic organization "Liu Ai", and more than two "Liu Ai" form villages. The general social organization is the tribal alliance, which is managed by the Council representing each tribe. The empire was divided into four regions, each ruled by an official, and the center was in Cuzco.

India is mainly engaged in agricultural production, planting potatoes and corn, and domesticating camels and alpacas. They have established a complicated artificial irrigation system, their pottery and textile technology has reached a high level, and the mining and processing technology of metal mines is also very high. Their architecture is very exquisite and is regarded as a miracle of the world. They also created a set of embryonic characters similar to symbols. The civilization created by the Incas, together with Mayan civilization and Aztec civilization, is called America and India.

Eskimos living in igloos The northern end of the earth is a world of ice and snow, with huge icebergs floating on the ocean and the earth covered with ice and snow. In this world of ice and snow, there is a hemispherical igloo made of snow bricks pressed by snow. Eskimos live in igloos.

Eskimos are distributed in the northeast corner of Asia and the Arctic region of America, and now they are residents of the United States, Russia, Denmark and Canada, with about 654.38+million people. The area where they live stretches for about 500 kilometers, reaching 82 N in the northernmost part and 55 N in the southernmost part ... They call themselves "Inuit", which means "people". Indians call them "Eskimos", meaning "people who eat raw meat". Eskimos were originally residents of Asia, belonging to the Mongolian arctic type, and later spread to America from central and northern Asia via the Bering Continental Bridge.

Eskimos' economy is dominated by hunting at sea, and gathering occupies a certain position. Marine animals and fish such as seals and whales are not only their main food, but also an important source of their living resources. They use fish bones, animal bones and animal skins to make utensils, weapons, clothes and tools. When hunting at sea, they take boats made of animal skins. Their harpoon is very distinctive. The head of the harpoon can be separated from the handle of the harpoon and connected with a long rope. When a marine animal is stabbed, the head of the harpoon floats in the water with the front pole, and the hunter can catch the prey. Javelin and bow and arrow are common hunting weapons.

Eskimos form a society on the basis of regional groups, generally 200 to 300 people are a group, without clan and tribal organizations, and blood and friendship are the social ties. Most of them believe in shamanism, so shamans (wizards) naturally become the leaders of various groups. Shamans are mostly respected and excellent hunters. His duty is to preside over all kinds of ceremonies and celebrations, and he does not exercise his authority and administrative power.

Dogs are the only livestock and hunting assistants of Eskimos, and dog sledding is their land transportation. Eskimos often use the number of dogs as a symbol of wealth.

Now, Eskimos have begun to use modern tools and industrial products. Some people have moved to modern towns. Capitalists and wealthy families also appear among Eskimos in North America.

Eskimos have their own unique artistic creation. Unchromed bone and tooth carvings and weapon decorations are very vivid and beautiful. Singing, storytelling, wrestling, boxing and other recreational activities are very active.

The Iroquois, the proud subject of the Great Lakes, and the American anthropologist Morgan described an Indian house in one of his works, which is called "Holland-Germany-Novo-Sot", which means longhouse. This kind of house is made of sticks and bark, with a pointed or round roof and a length of up to 30 meters. Every longhouse is inhabited by a matriarchal family. Indians living in longhouse call themselves "Hoy de Eno-Saint Yi Ni", which means "people living in longhouse". They are also called Iroquois.

The Iroquois are a branch of North American Indians and now live in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. They belong to the American branch of the Mongolian race and use Iroquois. They * * * have more than ten tribes, with about 65438+ ten thousand people.

Iroquois are mainly engaged in hoeing agriculture, fishing and hunting and animal husbandry. They make full use of the land resources and water resources of the Great Lakes, and they are the proud subjects of the Great Lakes. The matriarchal family is the basic social organization of Iroquois. They live in a long house and live the same economic life. Inheritance and lineage of property are calculated according to matriarchal line. The five tribes of the Iroquois once formed the Iroquois Alliance in 1570, and later formed the Six Tribes Alliance. The alliance lives in a vast area from Hudson Bay in the east, Lake Michigan in the west, Ottawa Basin in the north and the Ohio River and Potomac River in the south. Stubbornly resist colonial aggression. During the American War of Independence, the alliance supported Britain, but was defeated by the US military, and most of its members moved to Canada.

Cubans in the "sugar country" Cubans are Cuban residents in the Caribbean region of America and speak Spanish. According to the survey of 1970, among Cubans, whites account for 72.8%, blacks account for 12.7%, Indo-Europeans and Murato account for 14%, and other races account for 0.5%.

1896, the Spanish colonists conquered Cuba and the Cubans were brutally slaughtered. The number of original indigenous Indians dropped sharply, and almost all the survivors were mixed-race Spaniards. In order to develop Cuba's rich land and mineral resources, Spanish colonists imported a large number of African blacks here to engage in slave labor. At the same time, European immigrants have also moved to Cuba, and the mixed-race situation is more complicated.

Cubans have resisted the Spanish colonists many times. 1898 After the Spanish-American War, Cuba was once again controlled by the United States. 1959 Cuba got rid of American control after Batista's pro-American dictatorship was overthrown.

Due to the above historical reasons, Cuban culture has the characteristics of combining African culture with European Spanish culture and is the representative of modern culture in the Caribbean.

Some Cubans are engaged in agricultural production, planting sugar cane, tobacco, rice, corn and so on. Sugar production is the focus of Cuban industry, which occupies a very important position in the world and is called the country of sugar. Tobacco production is also an important industry in Cuba's economic sector.

Americans composed of immigrants Americans are residents of the United States, mainly composed of immigrants and their descendants who migrated in different historical periods. Americans include more than 100 ethnic groups, belonging to three major races and all kinds of hybrids, with a population of more than 200 million. The United States is an immigrant country formed in modern times with a history of more than 200 years, and Americans were formed in this short period.

The continental United States was once the hometown of Indians. From the16th century, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Britain and other countries began to immigrate there. /kloc-After the 0/7th century, Britain gradually established the 13 colony along the Atlantic coast, massacred and expelled Indians madly, and transported African blacks as slaves. During this period, Britain had the largest number of immigrants, followed by immigrants from Holland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and other countries. /kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, immigrants mainly came from Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Ireland, Norway and other countries. After World War II, immigrants from Asia, Latin America and Oceania increased greatly.

Americans of all races generally call themselves Americans, but their distribution in China is characterized by large dispersion and small concentration. For example, the English, Scots and Irish live in the eastern states, the Germans live in New Jersey and the northwestern states, the Italians live in the middle of the Atlantic, and the French live in Texas and Louisiana.

Americans speak English and believe in Christianity and Catholicism. A few people believe in Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism.

America is a country with a high degree of modernization. Since the 20th century, they have been at the forefront of the world in education, science and technology, industry, agriculture and military affairs.

Mexicans who inherit Indian civilization are the general name of Mexican residents in southern North America. It has long been composed of Indians, Spaniards and blacks, about 70 million people (1982). Among them, Indo-European mixed blood accounts for about 60%, and Indians account for about 30%. The rest are descendants of blacks, China and European immigrants. Spanish is widely used, among which Indians use more than 60 Indian languages.

Mexico was originally the hometown of Indians, its south was the birthplace of Indian Maya civilization, and its west and other places were the birthplace of Aztec civilization. Legend has it that the sun god Ziluopeili (also a god of war) told the Aztecs that when they saw an eagle with a snake standing on a cactus, it was their hometown. This legendary image has now become a national symbol of Mexico.

Around A.D., the Mayans engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture there, and made many creations in painting, architecture, crop development and astronomy. The Aztecs unified their neighbors at the beginning of the14th century, established a powerful empire and developed irrigated agriculture. /kloc-After Mexico became a Spanish colony in the 6th century, a large number of Spaniards moved in and African blacks were imported as slaves. 182 1 year, Mexicans won the struggle against Spanish colonial rule and established an independent country.

Now Mexico is a relatively developed country in America, and the petrochemical industry occupies a major position in the national economy. Mexico is also an ancient agricultural country, known as the "corn kingdom".

Mexicans inherited ancient Indian civilization and combined with Spanish tradition to create a unique Mexican culture. Folk dances, artistic creations, folk festivals and music all bear strong Indian colors and traces of Spanish culture. In literary creation, the Indian Quetzalcoatl has become a common hero, and the story of his teaching people skills such as farming, carving and burning pottery is very popular. Mexicans' clothing and architecture also have obvious Indian characteristics. Indians living in Yucatan Peninsula and other areas still retain their traditional cultural characteristics.