About the whereabouts of the two ethnic minorities in the Northern Song Dynasty? (Liao, Jin)

Khitans: In 1125 AD, the Liao Dynasty fell. The year before, Yelu Dashi, the clan leader of the Liao Dynasty, led some Khitan people to go north. In 1134 AD, Yelu Dashi, who had migrated to Central Asia, led some Khitan people to reestablish the Liao regime, which was known as the Western Liao in history. It gradually faded out of the various ethnic groups in China and merged into a part of the ethnic groups in Central Asia. After the fall of the Liao Dynasty, some Khitans integrated into ethnic minorities such as Mongolia and Goryeo, while the rest entered Hebei and Shanxi, and the characteristics of their own nation gradually faded away. When Mongolia destroyed the Jin Dynasty, they and the Jurchens were regarded as Han people by the Mongolian rulers. The Khitan as a complete nation ceased to exist in the Yuan Dynasty. DNA sequencing proves that the Daur people and Yunnan "people" are descendants of the Khitan

The disappearance of the Khitan people has puzzled many scholars. Don't they have direct descendants who have reproduced to this day? Are the Daur and Yunnan "me" who have always regarded the Khitans as their ancestors really their direct descendants? With all kinds of doubts, the reporter made a special trip to interview Mr. Liu Fengzhu, a researcher at the Institute of Ethnology of the Academy of Social Sciences. In Mr. Liu’s eloquent narrative, the historical fog gradually dispersed...

The Daur ethnic group is a member of the Northern my country with a long history. nation. Daur, originally meaning "cultivator", was first seen in documents from the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. During the Qianlong period, when the Qing court revised the "Guoyu Interpretation of the Imperial Three Histories", it was proposed that the "Dahe family" appearing in the "History of Liao" was the ancestor of the Daur people. In modern Daur, although many words come from Mongolian and Manchu, some words are unique to it. The Daur people call iron "Huoshu", which is surprisingly consistent with the Khitan people's name for iron in the "History of Liao".

There are more than 100,000 "people" with the surnames A, Mang, and Jiang living in western Yunnan. Although they are scattered in Baoshan, Dali and other places, and belong to Han, Yi, Blang, Wa and other ethnic groups, they all call themselves He is a descendant of Khitan. There are many relics in Baoshan City that preserve the historical memory of the Khitan people. The door couplet of the Chiang's ancestral hall in Mugualang Village, Shidian County, is engraved with this couplet: "Thousands of trees are green in front of Yelu Court, and there is a spring inside the Chiang's ancestral hall." . "Yelü" happened to be the most common surname among the Khitan people in the Liao Dynasty. A stone inscription found in his own cemetery in Changning County records that the tomb owner: "The origin is from Liaodong. Later, due to changes, the descendants of Baoji dispersed and... immigrated to Shunning in western Yunnan in search of food."

In the early 1990s, Mr. Chen Naixiong, a well-known Mongolian research expert, visited Baoshan in person, conducted a detailed investigation of local genealogy, local chronicles and legends, and compared 326 "my" words with multi-ethnic words, and found that more than 100 of them belonged to Altai. language family, verifying that there is indeed some connection between the "my" language and the Daur language.

In the mid-to-late 1990s, the emerging molecular archeology provided practical and effective help in finally solving this problem. By extracting the DNA of various ancient organisms and comparing their sequencing results, molecular archeology can find out their inherent genetic connections, and the conclusions are highly scientific. When researchers Liu Fengzhu and Chen Zhichao from the Institute of Ethnology of the Academy of Social Sciences collaborated with experts such as Professors Yang Huanming and Liu Chunyun of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences to conduct research on the "molecular archeology" topic, they listed the study of Khitan descendants as an important content. The research team first collected blood samples from the Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han populations, then went south to Baoshan, Yunnan, to extract 100 blood samples from "people", and then passed through Leshan, Sichuan, where they were unearthed from the Yeluyu family tomb in Inner Mongolia that was on display there. Small specimens were extracted from the corpse of a Khitan woman. After completing the DNA sequencing of the Khitan remains, Daur people, Mongolians, Oroqen people, Han people and Yunnan "people", the research team conducted rigorous comparative testing and finally concluded that among the Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han people groups Among them, the Daur people have the closest genetic relationship with the Khitan people, and the "person" in Shidian, Baoshan, Yunnan has a similar paternal origin to the Daur people, and they are both descendants of the Khitan people. Following the Jurchens and the Mongols, Khitan descendants were dispersed throughout the country

After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty, many Khitan people were sent by the Jurchens to the northern border to build the fortification "Jinjiehao" to resist the Mongolian attack, and then garrisoned it There. After the destruction of the Jin Dynasty, some of the Khitan people who were stationed moved northward during the war, maintaining a relatively large and complete ethnic group. This part of the Khitan people are the ancestors of today's Daur people. The "I" of Yunnan originate from the descendants of the Khitan people who were sent to Yunnan by the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty to fight. After the fall of Liao, some Khitans surrendered to Genghis Khan under the leadership of Yelu Tuhua, the royal family of Liao. In 1254 AD, his grandson Yelv Man followed Kublai Khan to destroy Dali in ancient times, and was ordered to lead his troops to stay in Yunnan. "History of the Ming Dynasty: Yunnan Tusi II" records Shidian chief official Si Asulu and Fengxi chief official Si Afeng as the third-generation grandson of Manggu, and Asulu is also regarded as an ancestor by contemporary "people". After more than 740 years of historical vicissitudes, there are now no fewer than 150,000 Khitan descendants in western Yunnan. In the process of reproduction, they continued to intermarry with the local ethnic groups, so compared with the Daur people, "I" are slightly more closely related to the Khitan people.

After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens were still scattered in the Northeast. In the early Ming Dynasty, three guard posts were set up in the northeast, divided into Jianzhou, Haixi, and Yeren. Jianzhou became powerful under Nurhaci. He unified all Jurchen tribes and reused the country's name as Jin, which was later Jin. Later, Jurchen The clan changed its name to the Manchu clan and raised troops to attack the Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, they died of injuries in the battle. His son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne and changed the name of the country to Qing, becoming Taizong of the Qing Dynasty. Taizong first made peace with the Ming Dynasty and attacked Goryeo to expand his military strength. Later, he invaded the south and killed Yuan Chonghuan, a famous anti-Qing general, through counter-insurgency tactics.

Soon after Taizong died, Fulin succeeded to the throne at a young age and was regent by his uncle Dorgon. At this time, civil uprisings broke out all over the Ming Dynasty and were finally destroyed by Li Zicheng. Shanhaiguan guard Wu Sangui was kidnapped by Li Zicheng because he loved his concubine Chen Yuanyuan, so he was furious and let the Qing troops enter the pass, and the Manchus officially took over the Central Plains.

Soon, Shizu died. The saint ancestor Xuanye succeeded to the throne and ushered in the prosperous times of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty. But in Qianlong's later years, the prosperous times began to decline. During the Daoguang period, the Opium War broke out, and then was invaded by foreign powers. Coupled with civil strife, the rule of the Manchurians was shaken, and the Han people took advantage of the situation to rise. Emperor Xianfeng and Emperor Guangxu successively tried to strengthen the country, but unfortunately they all failed. In the third year of Xuantong (1911 AD), the Manchu Qing government was overthrown. The Qing Dynasty fell.

The Manchu people still live in Northeast China today.

From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens in the vast Northeast were divided into three tribes: Jianzhou, Haixi, and Donghai (Savages). Initially, the Jianzhou Jurchens were distributed in the present-day Mudanjiang River, Suifenhe and Changbai Mountain areas; the Haixi Jurchens were distributed in the present-day Songhua River Basin; and the East China Sea Jurchens were scattered in the Heilongjiang and Sakhalin areas. From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, guards and posts were set up in the Jurchen residences, and the number gradually increased, up to 384 guards and posts, all under the name of Nuer Gandusi. The officers of the guards and offices, such as the governor, commander, tongzhi, qianshi, chief of thousands households, chief of hundreds of households, etc., were all served by Jurchen chiefs. The Ming court granted him a seal and allowed him to pay tribute to Beijing regularly. Horse markets were opened in Guangning, Kaiyuan, Fushun, Qinghe, Yangyang, Kuandian and other places for trade. This type of guard station is called Jisi Guard Station, so it is still under the control of the Liaodong Capital Commander. The Haixi Jurchens also lost their faith and became an internal official of the Ming Dynasty. During the 20 years from the ninth year of Yongle (1411) to the eighth year of Xuande (1433), they were repeatedly ordered by the court to send envoys to Nuerqian (the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province). area), and in the eleventh year of Yongle (1413) and the eighth year of Xuande, Yongning Temple was built and rebuilt at the location of Nurgandusi (the ancient city of Telin at the confluence of Henggun River near the mouth of Heilongjiang River). Both times, monuments were erected in front of the temple. The former is inscribed on the forehead "Records of Yongning Temple", and the latter is inscribed "Records on the Reconstruction of Yongning Temple" on the forehead, which records in detail the establishment of Nurgandusi and Yongning Temple and Yishiha's many missions. The stele is engraved with four languages: Han, Jurchen, Mongolian and Tibetan. The inscriptions are all headed by Yishiha. There are dozens of people below, including Han, Jurchen, Mongolian and other ethnic groups. They are the northeastern territory of the Ming Dynasty and Jurchen. The historical testimony of the various ministries and subordinates of the Ming Dynasty.

Among the Jurchen tribes in the Ming Dynasty, the Jianzhou Jurchens were Yuan Huli Gai and Otuolian with 20,000 tribesmen. Chief Aha Chu and Meng Ge Timur came back in the early Ming Dynasty and established three guards successively. (Jianzhouwei, Jianzhouzuowei, Jianzhouyouwei), set up commanders to govern their people. The various military posts in Haixi later developed into four tribes: Yehe, Huifa, Hada and Wula. Due to the Jurchen attacks from the East China Sea, the Jianzhou and Haixi tribes moved southward one after another. During the Jiajing period (1522-1566), the Jianzhou Jurchen tribes were definitely located in the Suzi River area east of present-day Fushun, while the four Haixi tribes were scattered north of Kaiyuan today. Huifa River Basin. The productivity of Jianzhou and Haixi has developed rapidly, and farming technology has been relatively improved. Iron tools and oxen have been widely used for farming. They have rapidly shifted from a gathering and hunting economy to an agricultural economy, and entered the stage of slavery development. The ministers of various ministries were called Beile and Beizi, and they owned a large number of slaves (Aha) and became slave owners (Ezhen), while the common people were called Irgen. The stele in Yongning Temple records the establishment of a garrison by Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty. There is Jurchen script on the back, which is a treasure among the Jurchen written materials.

In the eleventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), the outstanding leader of the Jurchens, Nurhaci, the sixth grandson of Mengge Timur, raised an army and unified all the ministries in Jianzhou. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), the Ming court granted Nurhaci the governorship of Qianshi, and was promoted to the governorship of the left. Later, he was awarded the title of General Longhu. Nurhachi successively annexed the four Haixi tribes, conquered the Jurchen tribes in the East China Sea, and unified the Jurchen tribes scattered in the Northeast. During the unification process, Nurhachi added and improved the Jurchens' original hunting and production organizational form, the "Niulu", and created the "Eight Banners", a social organization integrating military and political affairs. In the first year of Tianming (1616), Nurhachi was named Da □, and "Jin" was used as the country's name. It was called Hou Jin in history. Regarding the social nature of the post-Jin Dynasty before the founding of the People's Republic of China and the post-Jin Dynasty, historians currently have quite different opinions, and the discussion is developing in depth. In the eleventh year of Tianming (1626), Nurhaci died, and his eighth son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne. In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), "Zhushen" (another Jurchen translation form) was changed to "Manchuria", and Manchuria was replaced from then on. Jurchen is the clan name, and other Jurchen tribes are also known by clan names such as Hezhe (Hezhen), Oroqen, and Ewenki. The name Jurchen gradually disappeared in the Qing Dynasty. In the 10th year of Emperor Taiji's reign (1636), the country was renamed the Qing Dynasty and became the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history.