The Muslim occupation period in Spanish history

By 7 1 1, Arabs and Berbers had converted to Islam, which ruled North Africa in the 8th century. At that time, a commando team led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad was sent to Iberia Peninsula to intervene in the civil war in the Visigoth kingdom. After crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, they won a decisive victory in the summer of July11. In this victory, King Roderick of Visigoth Kingdom was defeated and killed in the Battle of Guadalet on July 19 of that year. Tariq's boss Musa bin Nusair then led a large number of reinforcements across the strait. By 7 18, Muslims had controlled most of the peninsula. However, in the Battle of Tours in 732, Charles Martel, the court minister of the Frankish Kingdom, thwarted its further March into Europe. Walid I, the Umayyad caliph, attached great importance to the expansion of the army and established the most powerful navy of this era. It is this policy that supports the expansion of Muslims in Spain. The rule of Khalifa Walid I is also considered to be the heyday of Islamic forces.

The ruler of Andalusia was awarded the title of Amir by Umayyad Khalid I of Damascus. After the Umayyad dynasty was overthrown by the Abbasid dynasty, some of its ruling classes fled to Spain and gathered under the command of abdul rahman I, who challenged the Abbasid dynasty by declaring Cordoba an independent caliphate. At that time, Andalusia was full of internal conflicts between Arab Umayyad rulers and local Visigoth-Roman Catholics.

In 844, the vikings shamefully looted Seville and once occupied the Gwadar Keevil River. Later, the caliph established the first navy. In 942, pagan magyars attacked Andalusia.

/kloc-in the 20th century, abdul rahman III announced the establishment of the caliphate of Có rdoba, severing ties with the Egyptian and Syrian caliphates. The caliph is very concerned about maintaining his power base in North Africa, but these properties are decreasing, leaving only Ceuta province. At the same time, conquered Christians began to slowly but steadily migrate to several northern kingdoms, thus gradually strengthening the strength of these northern kingdoms. But even so, Andalusia has great advantages over these northern kingdoms in population, economy, culture and military strength, even in the face of their alliance. The internal contradictions between these Christian kingdoms also make them unable to pose a threat to the caliphate.

This period, known as La Convivencia, is famous for its religious tolerance, and it is also the golden age of Spanish Jewish art (from 912-the reign of abdul rahman III to 1066 when the Granada Massacre took place). When Mohammed ibn Abu Amir looted Barcelona in 985, Muslims became interested in regaining control of the peninsula by force. His son then attacked many Christian cities. But when his son died, the caliph fell into civil war and split into many "Thai-French kingdoms". The kings of Thailand and France not only competed with each other in the war, but also in the protection of art, so the art of this period flourished briefly. During this period, the Thai-French kingdom lost the territory of the Christian kingdom in the north. 1085 After the loss of Toledo, these Muslim rulers had to reluctantly ask for assistance from the Mulabit dynasty, which invaded Andalusia from North Africa and established an empire. /kloc-in the 20th century, this empire collapsed again after a decisive battle with Tolosa's Lasnavas de Tolosa.

Medieval Spain continued the war between Muslims and Christians. By 1 147, the Hade dynasty in Aarmo inherited the Maghreb region and Andalusia region of the Mulabit dynasty. They believe in Islamic fundamentalism more firmly and treat dhimmis (Jews and Christians under Muslim rule) extremely harshly. Faced with the choice of death, conversion and immigration, many Jews and Christians chose to leave. By the middle of13rd century, the caliph of Granada became the only independent caliph in Spain, and this regime lasted until 1492.

King Aragon ruled not only Aragon, but also Catalonia. Later, Balearic Islands, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Sardinia were successively included in his rule. The Order of Catalonia, considered as the first mercenary in Western Europe, occupied the Principality of Athens and ruled under the protection of Aragon until 1379. With the continuous movement of recovering lost land, the power of Christian kingdom and principality has been strengthened. By the15th century, the Kingdom of Castilla (occupying the northern and central Iberian Peninsula) and the Kingdom of Aragon (occupying the northeastern Peninsula) became the most powerful countries among them. The rulers of the two kings engaged in political marriage with Portugal, France and other neighboring countries. 1474 The death of Enrique IV triggered a dispute over the succession to the throne. Among them are Joanna La Berthelat Neya supported by Portuguese and French, Aragon and Isabella I supported by domestic nobles in Castilla. After the war of Castile's succession to the throne, Isabella kept the throne and ruled with her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Isabella and Ferdinand are called "Catholic monarchs; Spanish: los Reyes Católicos), a title awarded by Pope Alexander VI. They got married in valladolid in 1469, and finally established the Spanish kingdom from a rule the kingdom. They witnessed the final stage of the movement to recover lost territory-to recapture Granada from the Moors; They conquered the canary islands; At home, they promulgated the Alhambra decree to expel Jews and Muslims from Spain. They supported Christopher Columbus's expedition-the latter became the first European to arrive in the New World since Rafe Eriksson-which brought a lot of wealth to Spain, thus providing financial support for Spain to become the leading force in Europe in the next two centuries.

Isabella ensured Spain's long-term political stability through the strategic marriage of five children. Her first child, Princess Isabella, her eldest daughter, married Crown Prince Alfonso of Portugal in order to seek close ties with neighboring countries, but Princess Isabella died in childbirth soon. Isabella's second daughter Juana married Philip, the handsome Bohemian king, the son of Maximilian I, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and obtained the right to inherit the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. This marriage ensured the marriage with the powerful holy Roman Empire, thus ensuring the future political security of Spain. Isabella's only son, Crown Prince Juan of asturias, married Margaret Of Austria, thus keeping in touch with the Habsburg dynasty on which Spain depended. Her fourth children, Aragon and Maria of Castilla, married Portuguese Manuel I, further consolidating the ties between the two countries established through their sister's marriage. Her fifth child, Catherine of Aragon, married King Henry VIII and gave birth to a daughter, Mary I.

Until the13rd century, Aragon and Castilla were the only two Christian countries that maintained religious tolerance for religious minorities (Jews and Muslims). However, in the14th century, the situation of Jews took a turn for the worse, and persecution reached its climax in the 139 1 year massacre, when all major cities except Avila were slaughtered. In the next century, half of the 200,000 Spanish Jews converted to Christianity (became "converts"). In the last stage of persecution, two "Christian monarchs" issued an imperial edict in 1492, ordering the remaining Jews to convert, or they would be expelled from Spain. According to different information sources, the number of Jews expelled may range from 40,000 to 65,438+200,000. In the following decades, Muslims also suffered the same fate-forced conversion (the converts were called "Moriscos") or expulsion. Jews and Muslims were not the only people persecuted in this period. Gypsies also face a tragic fate: all gypsy men between the ages of 65,438+08-26 must serve on paddle warships-this is equivalent to sentencing them to death, but most of them have successfully hid and escaped capture. In the 3rd century, there were many languages in the Christian area of Spain, including Castilla, Catalan, Basque, Galician, arana and Leonus. But a century later, Castilian (now Spanish) became the most important cultural and communication tool in the Kingdom of Castilla. In the last year of Ferdinand III's rule in Castile, official documents began to be written in Castile; During the reign of Alfonso X, Castilian became the official language. Since then, all official documents in Castilla have been written in Castilian, and all foreign language texts have been translated from Latin into Castilian.

/kloc-In the 3rd century, many universities were established in Leon and Castilla, such as the University of Salamanca and the University of palencia, which were the earliest universities in Europe. Under the leadership of Isabella and Ferdinand, the first edition of Gramática de la lengua castellana written by Antonio de Nebrija, a professor at the University of Salamanca, was published in 1492.