The meaning and cultural connotation of the word "Gao" in Baijia surnames.

Originated from the surname of Jiang [2-3], from the son of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, belonging to the name of the ancestor. Jiang was originally a descendant of Emperor Yan, and Gao was a descendant of Emperor Yan. Gao's blood ancestors were Emperor Yan and Gao Yi. Shennong was born in and took Jiang as his surname. Sun Boyi, 17 Yandi, assisted Dayu in water control, and was named Lu Hou, so his descendants also took Lu as their surname. Jiang Shang, the 37th generation grandson of Lv Hou Boyi, namely Jiang Taigong, also known as Lu Shang, helped King Wu destroy Shang Lizhou and was sealed in Qi. Qi passed it on to Sun Wengong and Jiang Chi, the eighth squire, and Wen Gong's second son was sealed in Gaoyi, called Gongzi Gao. According to the aristocratic etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty, his grandson took his ancestral name as his surname, which was Gao Nuo [4]. When Gao Biao was in the state of Qi, he welcomed his son Xiao Bai as the king, that is, Qi Huangong. Become the ancestor of the Gao family in Bohai. The seventh Sun Gaoxi was pushed out by Gong Sunzao and Gong Sunfan in Qi State, and started his career. Sun Gaoliang, the ninth generation of Kochi, was Stuart in the Song Dynasty, and Sun Gaohong, the ninth generation of Kochi 10, was the commander of the Bohai Sea in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Gao Hong's descendants founded the Gao family in Liaodong, and Gao Hong's descendants founded the Gao family in Guangling. The descendants of Bohai Sea are high in rehabilitation, Jing Zhao and Gao Shi. Most people named Gao and Jiang respect Gao Nuo as their ancestors, while others respect Gao Qumi (Jiang Qumi) and Gao Ke as their ancestors.

Take Wang Fu as the surname. In A.D. 10, the son of Qi Huangong and his concubine Second Lieutenant Ji, Qi Huiwang. Qi's son is called Gongzi Qi, with a high word, and later generations also took Gao as their surname, which was Shandong Gao [5].

Originated from Xianbei nationality:

During the 17th-20th year of Taihe (AD 493-496), Tuoba Hong (Justin), Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, vigorously promoted political reform and the policy of sinicization in culture. In this process, he changed the multi-syllable compound surname of the northern conference semifinals into the single surname of Chinese characters, and the Bulou tribe of Xianbei people changed into Gao's, one of the Gao's in Henan [6].

At the end of the Eastern Wei regime in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, jing yuan An, a Xianbei ethnic group, was named Duke Du Xiang of Xihua County by Gao Huan, the great prime minister of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In the eighth year (AD 550), his son Gao Yang met Yuan Shan, Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, deposed Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and established the Northern Qi regime. In the same year, it was the first year of nature protection in Levin, Wen Xuandi, Northern Qi Dynasty (AD 550). In addition, Yuan Wen Yao, who was born in Xianbei nationality, was also highly valued by Harmony in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Because of his achievements in welcoming King Gao Zhan to the throne, Gao Wei was given a special surname in the second year of Tiantong in the Northern Qi Dynasty (AD 566). His descendants take Gao as their surname, and he is also one of Gao's in Henan.

In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Murong Yun, a Xianbei ethnic group of the Queen Yan, was renamed as a descendant of Levin, so he changed his surname to Gao Yun. Under this historical background, many of his descendants changed their surnames to Murong, as the single surname of Gao, and later their culture was sinicized and became the mainstream of Gao in Hebei. Some of his descendants changed their compound surnames to single surnames and called them Gao's. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Yuanshi County and Xu of Xianbei nationality changed their surnames to Gao. The name of Beiqi is Gao. At that time, some Xianbei people, such as An and Yuan, changed Chinese characters to Yuan. Because of their exploits in Beiqi, Gao Yang gave them a "high" surname; Gao Longzhi, an important official in the Northern Qi Dynasty, surnamed Xu, changed to Gao because his father made friends with Gao Huan [7]. When Gao established the Beiqi regime, his surname became the national surname of the Beiqi regime, so the Emperor of Beiqi named him Gao in order to show his favor. Xu Ziyuan changed his surname to Gao, and his descendants later developed in Qixian County, Henan Province, becoming a local family and one of Gao's in Henan Province. Gao Lishi, the eunuch of the Tang Dynasty, was Feng Ang's great grandson and was adopted by Gao Yanfu, so he was promoted. The compound surname of the two words beginning with the word "Gao" was later changed to "Gao" as the surname. For example: Gaoche, Gaotang, Levin and Gao Ling. When Gao established the Beiqi regime, Gao became the national surname of Beiqi, and the emperor of Beiqi named him Gao in order to show his favor.

Originated from Manchu, it belongs to Han culture and changed its surname to surname. From the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, there were many cases in which the Manchu surname was changed to the Han surname, and some of them were transliterated from the Manchu surname to the Han surname, and the Gao family was changed to the Gao family. (X Jiashi in Manchu surname was originally Han nationality. After the Han nationality was taken as a coat or volunteered to be a slave, it was given the Manchu surname in the form of adding a good word to the original surname. )

The Manchu Duoluoshi, also known as Diao Luoshi and Zhao Lulu's, is called Dolohala in Manchu and means "nei" in Chinese. It lived in Yehe (now Lishu, Jilin) and the East China Sea (now the Russian coast). Later, the Chinese surnames of Duoguan were Gao and Zhao.

The Manchu Gaojia family, whose Manchu language is Gaojiyahala, is of Han nationality origin. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was taken by the Wuhuan Department of Xianbei in Liaodong and merged into Xianbei. Later, it gradually evolved into a jurchen in Liaodong, living in Gaizhou (now Gaizhou, Liaoning), Liaoyang (now Liaoyang, Liaoning) and Wula, Jilin (now Yongji, Jilin). After that, Xibe people were taken as surnames. After the middle of Qing dynasty, many officials had high Chinese surnames.

The Gorky family of Manchu, also known as the Geerzi family, is called Gerzihala in Manchu, and lives in Nimacha (now Ussurisk, Russia, on the other side of Muling Xingkai Lake in Heilongjiang). Later, the surname of Han Dynasty was Gao.

Sadakshi in Manchu, originally from Bayala, later took the land as its surname, and Sakda Hala in Manchu, which means "forever" in Chinese. He has lived in Sakda (now Xiahe River Basin in Fushun, Liaoning Province), Ningguta (now Ning 'an, Jilin Province), Ahu River (now 60km from Nan 'an, Heilongjiang Province), Yehe (now Lishu, Jilin Province), Hetuala (now Yongling Town, Xinbin, Liaoning Province), Namudulu (now the Russian coast), Delinghawo River (now Donghun River in Fushun, Liaoning Province), Heilongjiang River Basin and other places, and since the middle of Qing Dynasty.

The Manchu Guoluoluo family, also known as Guoluoluo's family, Guoluoluo's family, and Guo Bo Roche, is called Gololohara in Manchu, and takes the land as the surname, and lives in Neiyin (now the upper reaches of Songhuajiang River in Fusong, Jilin), Zhanhe (now Shuangyang River in Jilin), Macha (now Hunjiang River in Jilin) and other places. After that, Xibe people were taken as surnames. After the middle of Qing dynasty, the surnames of the Han nationality in Duoguan were Gao, Guo and Guo.

The Guoerjia nationality of Manchu, also known as Guoluojia nationality and Gurjia nationality, is Gorky Yahara in Manchu, and lives in Budputbuzhantai (now south of Sanchazi in Tieling, Liaoning), Changbai Mountain and Nenhe (now Nehe in Heilongjiang). After that, Xibe people were taken as surnames. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, many Han surnames were Gao, Guo and Gu. [8]

Originated from the Zhen family, it came from the Koguryo State of Liao and the Korean Peninsula in the Han and Tang Dynasties and was named after the country [9]. Yu Zhen's family was originally an ancient tribe in Hunjiang River valley in northeast China, and it was a branch of Fuyu's family in ancient Yan State. Its real name is Fuyu, which was under the jurisdiction of Xuantu County in the Western Han Dynasty. In the second year of Liu's founding in the Western Han Dynasty (37 BC), the Han Dynasty was weak and declined. Koguryo is the tribal leader of the clan. He took the opportunity to build his capital in Gucheng (now Huanren, Liaoning) and established Koguryo State. Claiming to be a descendant of Levin, he changed his surname to Gao. The Gao family ruled in Koguryo for more than 600 years. During this historical period, some Han historians called it "Fuyu nationality". In the third year of the Western Han Emperor Liu Kan Yuan (the 23rd year of Koguryo Ming, AD 3), the Koguryo Ming Dynasty moved its capital to the inner city (now Ji 'an, Jilin). In the eighth year of Jian Hong in the Western Qin Dynasty (Koguryo lived in Wang Gaoju for 14 years, AD 427), the longevity king of Koguryo moved to Wang Xiancheng (now Pyongyang, North Korea). Because the king of Koguryo is a Koguryo, the Koguryo family has always had a high political status during the existence of the ancient Liaodong Peninsula and the Koguryo State on the Korean Peninsula. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, General Gao Lin was once named the Hou of Juye County, which was handed down from generation to generation by his ancestor Koguryo. Gao Liyu is indeed a surname, which was later changed to Gao's. The general knows that in the first year (AD 668, the twenty-sixth year of Koguryo Treasure King), the Koguryo Kingdom was destroyed by Xu Shiqi, commander-in-chief of the Tang army, and Anton, who were all protecting the allied forces in Xue. Tang Jun captured King Koguryo and his regime, massacred tens of thousands of people and collected 600,000 yuan. Since then, the Tang Dynasty established Andu Khufu in Wang Xiancheng. Since then, a considerable number of high-ranking people have moved to the Central Plains and passed down from generation to generation. [ 10]

Gao Lishi (real name Feng) was a eunuch in the middle Tang Dynasty, belonging to Yin surname, which originated from Yin surname. Because Gao Lishi was a eunuch and had no children, he adopted a large number of sons of bureaucrats and nobles who fawned on him as adopted sons, all of whom were privately given high surnames and passed down from generation to generation.

From official position:

It comes from the official temple order of the Han Dynasty and belongs to the official title. Among the descendants of Gao Miaoling, when the world was in chaos during the Three Kingdoms period, some people took the official title of their ancestors as their surnames, which was called Gao Lingshi. Later, the provincial language was simplified to Gao's Miao's single surname, which was passed down from generation to generation.

Since the Jin Dynasty, the official position Gao Li belongs to the official title. Among the descendants of Governor Koryo, there are those who take their ancestors' official titles as surnames, which are called Koryo's. The post-provincial language was simplified to a single surname of Gao, Li and Du, which was passed down from generation to generation.

Hun sentence in Han dynasty (phonetic hook): Wang and Hou Gao don't know their descendants; Jin's Jurchen changed her surname to Gao's Lie's and Nalan's; Many clans in the Eight Banners of Manchu in the Qing Dynasty, such as Gao Jiashi, Hese Rihara, Tong Jiashi and Guoluo Roche, all had high surnames. Among the Hui people, some Muslims in the western regions changed their surnames to Gao after entering the customs. For example, scholars in the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, were born in the Western Regions, entered the customs with Mongolian conquerors, and settled in Shanxi, taking Gao as their surname. These foreigners have lived with the Han nationality for a long time and gradually assimilated into the high surname in the north. In the south, there are other ethnic minorities, such as Bai, Hani, Jing, Li, Miao, Gelao, Xibo, Hui, Dongxiang, Yugur and Menba. The high surnames of these ethnic groups either come from their ancestors' localization of China culture, which is determined by the transliteration of ethnic minorities, or they are obtained by accepting official surnames. Another is because of political reasons such as the need to attach to powerful families. For example, in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Xianbei people changed from Lou's to Gao's, from Koryo's to Gao's, and in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, yuanshi county County and Xu's changed to Gao's. The Emperor of the Northern Qi Dynasty gave an, Yuan and other Xianbei heroes the surname "Gao". Then there is the change from the compound surnames beginning with the word "Gao", such as Shi, Gao Tang, Lai and Gao Ling, to the single surname "Gao", which is the result of history. In addition, it is also common for children who have adopted surnames to change their height for inheritance.

Migration and communication

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Gao was mainly active in North China, one of which was the late Warring States Period. After the destruction of Chu State, it passed through the land of wuyue, entered Chu State, and finally reached Hainan. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Gao's footprints have spread all over North China, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and the Central Plains. The last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the heyday of Gao surname, and the most famous Bohai Gao surname was formed in Shandong. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Gao mainly migrated to the north and northeast. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the demise of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao was forced to emigrate to southern Shaanxi and western Shu. At the end of the fourth century, the beginning of the fifth century and the end of the fifth century, the people of the Central Plains migrated to Japan on a large scale to escape the war, which formed two climaxes of "naturalized people" going to Japan as called in Japanese history books. The main curse is Wu Luanhua in the late Western Jin Dynasty. The long-term and extremely cruel ethnic vendetta made the Han people in Chinese mainland unbearable, and began a wave of large-scale migration to the surrounding areas: mainly south to the south of the Yangtze River, followed by fleeing from the northeast to the Korean Peninsula, and a considerable number of north and south refugees finally went to Japan. When King Liu came to Japan, Gao had an entourage [1 1]. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Gao's main activity place was still north of the Yangtze River, but he continued to migrate to Sichuan and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. During the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Gao migrated to all parts of the south of the Yangtze River, especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Gao entered Taiwan. [ 1]

2 population distribution editor

Song dynasty

In the Song Dynasty (960- 1279), there were about 890,000 people with high surnames, accounting for 1. 15% of the national population, ranking 15. Anhui is the largest province with high surname, accounting for 15.6% of the total population in China and 3. 1% of the total population in Anhui. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Anhui, Hebei, Shaanxi, Henan and Sichuan provinces, accounting for 62% of the total population. Secondly, it is distributed in Shanxi, Hubei and Zhejiang, and the high surnames in these three provinces are concentrated in 20%. China, with Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and Hebei as the center, has a high surname distribution belt radiating to the northeast, northwest and southeast.

the Ming Dynasty

During the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644), there were about 930,000 people with high surnames, accounting for 1% of the national population, and it was the 19 surname in the Ming Dynasty. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the net population growth rate in China was 20%, and the population with high surname basically did not increase, which was much lower than that in China. Over the past 600 years, the net increase rate of the population with middle and high surnames has been 4%, with a net increase of 40,000. Shandong is the largest province with high surname, accounting for 18.8% of the total population of high surname. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Jiangsu (12.5%) and Zhejiang (12.2%), and the high surnames in these three provinces account for about 44% of the total population of high surnames. Secondly, it is distributed in Shanxi, Jiangxi, Gansu and Hebei, and the high surnames in these four provinces are concentrated at 29%. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the overall distribution pattern of Gao surname changed greatly, and the population mainly migrated from the north to the southeast and northwest, especially to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. China has re-formed three high-level population gathering areas: Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shanxi and Shanxi.

After the Ming dynasty

At present, the population with high surname has reached 1.452 million, which is the largest surname in China, accounting for about 1.2 1% of the population in China. In the 600 years since the Ming Dynasty, the population of middle and high surnames has surged from 930,000 to more than14.5 million, reaching 15 times. The average population of the Ming Dynasty was close to 93 million, and the contemporary population was 65.438+0.2 billion, an increase of 654.38+0.3 times. The population growth rate of high surname is higher than that of the whole country, and the population growth rate of 1 000 shows a "V" shape. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, accounting for about 30% of the total population of Gao. Secondly, it is distributed in Hubei, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan and Guangdong, with a concentration of 365,438+0% in these five provinces. Shandong is a big province with high surname, accounting for 14.6% of the total population and 2.3% of the total population. China has formed a high surname area in Bohai Bay and the eastern coastal areas. In the past 600 years, the degree and direction of the migration of the population with the high surname have been very different from those in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, especially the migration direction from the east to Central China and North China has always been greater than that from the north to the south and east. At the same time, the migration to the southwest and south has become an important flow.

The areas with the highest population density per unit area are Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, northern Zhejiang, eastern Hubei, western Gansu, northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia, with a population of more than 2.7 per square kilometer, especially in central Shandong, which is as high as 6.4. The distribution density of high surname shows that the area with the highest density (more than 27,000 people/square kilometer) accounts for 18. 1% of the land area, and the population of high surname is about 64 1 10,000; The area of 0.9-27,000 people/square kilometer accounts for 42.2% of the national territory, and the population with high surname is about 710.9 million people. The area with less than 9,000 people per square kilometer accounts for 39.7% of the land area, and the population of Gao surname is about 920,000. The high surname is widely distributed, but it is not balanced. The distribution frequency of the high surname in the crowd shows that the high surname is one of the more common surnames in North China, Northeast China and Northwest China, generally accounting for the highest proportion of the local population, above 65,438 0.2%, especially in Hexi Corridor of Gansu, central Shandong, northwestern Shaanxi and northeastern Shanxi and Heilongjiang, above 65,438 0.8%, and some of them reach above 3.6%, with a high proportion of coverage areas. In Sichuan, Wushan, Fengjie in the east of Chongqing, most of Hubei, Lichuan, northern and southern parts of Lake District, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, eastern Guangdong, eastern Qinghai and northwestern Xinjiang, the frequency of high surnames is 0.6%- 1.2%, and its coverage area accounts for about 30.5% of the total area of China. In other vast areas, the frequency of high surname is less than 0.6%, and its coverage area accounts for about 40.3% of the total area of China.

3 surname culture editor

Wang Jun Tang Hao

Wang Jun

Bohai County, Yuyang County, Guangling County, Henan County

The name of a hall

Guangling Hall: A hall built with hope, also known as Jiangdu Hall, Jiangyang Hall and Yangzhou Hall.

Liaodong Hall: A promising Litang, also known as Fuyu Hall, Xiangping Hall, Liaoyang Hall and Lingdong Hall.

Bohai Hall: Building a Hall with Hope. In the Tang Dynasty, Gao Gu and Gao Chongwen were both kings of Bohai County. Gao Huan was named King of Bohai Sea in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and later generations took it as surnamed tang.

Hou Yutang: Gao Chai, a disciple of Confucius, was a county magistrate in Philadelphia. Confucius commented on him: "firewood is also stupid." Zhu pointed out: "Stupidity means knowing too much". Cihai: Foolish and simple. Therefore, Gao's descendants took ""as the name of Gao's hall.