Who are the ancestors of Hakkas? Why does the genealogy record that ancestors came from Jiangxi?

Many people should have heard of the term "Hakkas", but in fact there are no Hakkas among many ethnic minorities in China. In other words, Hakkas are not ethnic minorities, but actually Han people. The concept of Hakkas cannot be summarized by a simple concept of ethnic minorities. Hakkas are widely distributed, and they are also a broad and far-reaching clan in the world. There are many Hakkas, and many people are curious. Why are there a group of Hakkas? The meaning of the name Hakka is obvious, that is to say, they were not originally from here, but later settled here, so they are "guests". Who are the ancestors of Hakkas? They are all over the world now. Where did they come from? Why do many Hakkas' genealogies record that they are from Jiangxi?

1. Introduction to Hakka (English: Hakka, Hakka: Hak-k? Or Khak-k? , Hakka pinyin: Hag 1-ga2 or Kag 1-ga2).

Hakka is one of the Han nationality, the only one who is not named after the region, and also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching nationalities in the world. So far, there are different opinions on how to call Hakka in academic circles, and there is still no conclusion.

Hakka ancestors began in the period of Rongbaiyue in Lingnan, Qin Zheng. The Han nationality who moved southward gradually in the Song Dynasty formed a Hakka clan on the "Sanjiang Plain" impacted by Ganjiang River, Tingjiang River and Meijiang River, and developed into the main settlements of Hakka in Ganzhou, Tingzhou (now Longyan and Sanming), Meizhou, Heyuan, Huizhou, Shaoguan and Shenzhen. According to statistics, there are about 80 million Hakkas in the world at present, and about 50 million people are distributed in more than 80 cities and counties in 19 provinces, including Guangdong (25 million), Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hainan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Taiwan Province (5 million), Hong Kong and Macau. They mainly live in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, the United States, Peru, Australia, Britain, Canada, Jamaica, the Netherlands, Myanmar, France, Mauritius, South Africa, Reunion and other places. Among them, the Chinese communities in Indonesia, Sabah, Britain, Jamaica, Mauritius, Reunion and Tahiti are mainly Hakkas. Hakka became the legal language of Suriname.

"Hakka" is not only a title of Han nationality, but also a cultural concept. Hakka culture is known as the living fossil of ancient culture in China, and Hakka dialect is the living fossil of ancient Chinese, which can correspond to the pronunciations recorded in ancient rhymes such as Qieyun, Tangyun, Guang Yun and Jiyun. Up to now, there are still a lot of classical Chinese words, such as you, me and he are the ancient sounds of two, five and harmony in Hakka pronunciation. . Hakka studies is a prominent school in the world today. By 20 17, there will be three national Hakka cultural and ecological protection experimental zones.

2. The origin of Hakka should be made clear. Hakka is not a minority, but a branch of Han nationality. Strictly speaking, Hakkas are authentic Han Chinese, that is, Hakkas call themselves "old men". The earliest birthplace of the Han nationality is the Weihe Plain in the Yellow River Basin, which belongs to the descendants of the Chinese people. After the Yellow Emperor, Dayu was born, and Dayu's son established the Xia Dynasty. People in Xia and Shang Dynasties called themselves "Rangers" and "Huaxia", and Huaxia nationality was the earliest Han nationality.

More than a thousand years later, Qin Shihuang unified the world, and Qin Ershi died. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the title of Huaxia nationality was replaced by Han nationality, and the title of Han nationality spread all over the world. With the change of the natural environment in the Yellow River Basin and the influence of wars such as the Eight Kings Rebellion and the Five Rebellions in the Western Jin Dynasty, Han people living in the Yellow River Basin began to move south. The first batch of Han people went south from Shanxi and Shaanxi, passed through Nanyang, Henan, and entered Xiangyang, Hubei. After that, it entered today's Anhui and Jiangsu areas along the Hanshui River, and a few moved to Jiangxi and Hunan. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, the north was in war for years, and the population began to move south again.

In the sixth year of Tang Xizong (879), Huang Chao rose to the south of the Yangtze River, and more than 200,000 troops from Huang Chao directed at Chang 'an. At this time, the last elite troops of the Tang Dynasty were in the hands of Gao Pian, the secretariat of Runzhou, and our local envoy. Tang Xizong ordered Gao Pian to lead 70,000 elite troops to intercept Huang Chao. Gao Pian did not listen to the imperial edict, rose up and established a separatist regime in Jianghuai.

After the failure of Huang Chao Uprising, Tang Xizong sent general Qin Yan to surrender to Gao Pian. Although Gao Pian was destroyed, warlords from all over Jianghuai took the opportunity to arise and make an insurrection. Yang Xingmi, Zhu Wen, Sun Ru and others fought in the land of Jianghuai for a long time and were trampled repeatedly. Finally, Zhu Wen defeated other forces and ended the rule of the Tang Dynasty. This big scuffle is called "Jianghuai scuffle in the late Tang Dynasty" in history books.

The most direct consequence of the melee between Jianghuai and Han people in the late Tang Dynasty was that Han people who had moved to Jianghuai and other places since the Qin and Han Dynasties were forced to move south. Han people who moved from Weihe Plain have lived in Jianghuai for hundreds of years and have a prosperous population. During the Anshi Rebellion, a large number of people moved south, mainly concentrated in Henan and Jianghuai. After the Anshi Rebellion, especially after the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Han people who moved to Jianghuai continued to move south and took refuge in Jiangxi.

3. Why do Hakka genealogy records originate in Jiangxi? In this way, Jiangxi Province, which is closest to Jianghuai, has become an area receiving a large influx of people. At that time, Wei Quanfeng, the governor of Jiangxi, was in charge of Jiangxi. Due to tight defense, military disasters and wars rarely spread to Jiangxi. The ancient book Biography of Tan Quan records: "After seven years in office, people flourished."

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the population of Yuanzhou and Tingzhou in Jiangxi suddenly exploded. Sima Guang recorded in "As a Mirror" that Chen Ben, a native of Tingzhou, rebelled, and most of Chen Ben's soldiers and horses were Jiangxi natives. However, in the third year of the war, there were more and more troops in Chen Ben. These people were Han Chinese from Huaihe River and Huaihe River Basin. There are many records in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, such as "Huai Han entered the pavilion" and "Huai Han as the forerunner". It can be seen that the influx of a large number of Han people at that time was objective.

According to Yuan Dynasty and Geographical Records in the Northern Song Dynasty, the population of southern Jiangxi more than doubled at the end of the Tang Dynasty. According to the records of Ganzhou in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, the number of households in Ganzhou in Shaoxing period of Southern Song Dynasty was11-162, and that in Xichun period was120985 (165438). Tingzhou, during the Chongning period (1 102), the number of immigrants in Tingzhou reached 172432, and during the Qingyuan period, the number of immigrants in Tingzhou reached 2 18570. In Qianzhou, the population of Chongning increased from 172432 to 272400, and the population increased by 65438+ ten thousand in just one year.

After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the population of Gannan reached 654.38+0 million, forming an independent cultural area. Due to the lack of salt in southern Jiangxi, millions of people gradually moved to Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian in the south. At that time, the Han nationality gradually moved to Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places, and was in a wild state. In February of the seventh year of Jiaku (1062), Xin Si said, "Jiangxi is a dry state, and the land is connected with Guangnan, while Tingzhou in Fujian is also connected with Ganzhou. Salt is good, so it doesn't produce salt, while people in Erzhou steal Guangnan salt to make a profit. Every autumn and winter, when the land is finished, hundreds of people often take it with them, holding armor and drums, and travel back and forth between the eight States of Qian, Ting, Zhang, Hu, Xun, Hai, Hui and Guang. When it comes to robbing people of grain and silk, plundering women, fighting with the governor's officers and soldiers, and killing officers and soldiers, they will start as thieves, seeing obstacles and obstacles, but not catching them, or forgiving them. "

This passage in Zi Jian proves the fact that a large number of Han people moved from Gannan to Guangdong and Guangxi to plunder money, food and salt, and finally even formed anti-government groups. After the Southern Song Dynasty, with the spread of war, Han people moved out of Gannan. "Meizhou Tujing" records: "The land is vast and people are lazy, but they are fresh in farming, and they study Ting and Gan Qiao." Who are the overseas Chinese in Tinggan? Han people who moved to Jiangxi in the late Tang Dynasty, of course. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, these people have been called "overseas Chinese", so people generally call them "Hakkas".

This is why most of the ancestors of Hakkas came from Jiangxi. Opening the genealogy of Hakka can be traced back to the late Tang Dynasty. Most of the ancestors of Hakkas came from Tingzhou, Ganzhou and other places, followed by Jianghuai and Henan, which accords with the migration route and historical facts of Hakkas.

Through the research on the family names and genealogy of southern Hakka, it is found that the genealogy of southern Hakka surnames mainly includes Xie, Zeng, Lai, Liao, Liu, Cai, Zhong, Lian, Lu, Tan, Li and Luo, which can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty as early as the Six Dynasties. From the genealogy of Hakka surnames in South China, the migration route and ancestor tracing are in line with the Hakka migration road map and the law of population migration to the south after the Jianghuai melee and Anshi Rebellion in late Tang Dynasty.

It can be seen that after the end of the Tang Dynasty, Hakkas who moved to Jianghuai, Henan and other places entered Jiangxi one after another, and the population of Jiangxi exploded to one million in a short time. During the hundreds of years from the end of Tang Dynasty to the end of Song Dynasty, Hakka flourished in Jiangxi, and some people moved to Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian for lack of salt and land. After the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Hakkas continued to move south and entered Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian, which were still wild places at that time.

As Hakkas are immigrants, they are called "overseas Chinese boarders" by people in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian, which is later commonly known as Hakkas. Of course, the migration of Hakkas in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian in the Southern Song Dynasty was not completed at one time, but experienced nearly a thousand years of history. After the middle period of Qianlong, a large number of Hakkas entered Guangdong and Guangxi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the contradiction between natives and foreigners intensified, because of the large-scale struggle between natives and foreigners in land, water and marriage, which finally triggered the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.

Generally speaking, the migration history of Hakkas has experienced five great migrations: Western Jin Dynasty, Late Tang Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty, Early Qing Dynasty and Late Qing Dynasty. After five great migrations, Hakkas went all the way south, and after nearly a thousand years of reproduction, this formed the distribution pattern of Hakkas today.

Up to now, the total number of Hakkas is about 80 million, and overseas is about 654.38+0.5 million. Mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hong Kong, Macao and other places, overseas Hakkas are distributed in Vietnam, Singapore, the United States and other places. Historically, Hakkas have produced many heroes and talents and made great contributions to the development of China.

To sum up, this is the origin of Hakka, and this is the reason why Hakka genealogy records that their ancestors came from Jiangxi.