Where people live is called a settlement?

The floorboard of various forms of human settlements. It is not only the main body of the building, but also other living facilities and production facilities directly related to the house. Settlement is not only a place where people live, live, rest and carry out various social activities, but also a place where people produce. Generally speaking, settlements can be divided into two categories: rural and urban. Settlements have their own development process. Many settlements in the world are growing and many settlements are declining.

As the product of human adaptation and utilization of nature, settlement is the crystallization of human civilization. The external form and combination type of settlements are deeply branded with the local geographical environment. At the same time, settlement is an important cultural landscape, which largely reflects the level of regional economic development and customs. Of course, settlements also play a role in geographical environment and human economic activities, and urban settlements have a great influence on economic development and distribution.

There are many different settlements in the world, from megacities with tens of millions of people to small villages with only three families and five families. Villages are small settlements with agricultural activities and agricultural population as the mainstay. Cities are large-scale settlements of non-agricultural population and political, economic and cultural centers within a certain geographical scope. Human beings had rural settlements before urban settlements. Generally speaking, cities are developed from the countryside.

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The floorboard of various forms of human settlements. The word "settlement" refers to ancient villages. For example, China's Record of the History of Han Dynasty records: "It's harmless for a long time, and it will become a settlement with a little construction". In modern times, it refers to all settlements. Settlement is the research object of settlement geography.

The settlement originated in the middle of Paleolithic Age and gradually evolved with the progress of human civilization. Under the primitive commune system, the settlement with clan as the unit is a pure agricultural village. After entering the slave society, urban settlements appeared, and residents did not rely directly on agriculture for their livelihood. However, commodity economy does not occupy a major position in slavery society and feudal society, and rural settlements have always been the main form of settlements. After entering the capitalist society, cities or urban settlements have developed widely, and rural settlements have gradually lost their advantages and become the bottom part of the settlement system.

Settlements usually refer to fixed settlements, and only a few are mobile. Residential area is composed of various physical elements, such as buildings, structures, roads, green spaces, water sources and so on. The larger the scale, the more complex the composition of material elements. The architectural appearance of settlements varies with different lifestyles. For example, the long houses of Iban people in Borneo, the round earth buildings in western China, caves in the Loess Plateau, and underground or semi-underground houses in arid areas such as Central Asia and North Africa.

Settlements have different plane forms, which are restricted by economic, social, historical and geographical conditions. Villages with a long history are mostly reunion, and regional immigrant villages with late development are often loose. Urban residential areas also have various plane forms because of different local conditions. The main direction of settlement economic activities determines the nature of settlements. The basic content of rural settlement economic activities is agriculture, which is customarily called village. The economic activities in urban residential areas are diverse, and the relationship between various economic activity variables is

Classification As early as 184 1 years ago, J.G. Cole had noticed the comparative study of different kinds of settlements in the book "The Relationship between Human Transportation, Residence and Terrain". However, for more than half a century, there is no systematic settlement classification. At the beginning of the 20th century, after the appearance of urban geography, settlement classification received further attention. Settlement geography first divides settlements into villages and cities. Then it is further divided by category. Because settlements have their own characteristics such as origin, historical development, geographical conditions, morphological structure, scale, economic activities and functions, it is difficult to formulate a comprehensive classification system that includes all factors and attributes, and most of them are divided according to the functions or morphological characteristics of settlements, supplemented by appropriate indicators. Since the 1920s, the research on urban classification has far surpassed that on rural settlements. Especially in the functional classification, it is more prominent. Since M. Aurousseau of the United States put forward the classification of qualitative description in 192 1, it has gone through the process of general description, statistical description, economic analysis and even multivariate analysis, among which the representative figures of statistical description and statistical analysis are C. D Harris in 1943 and H. 1955.

Rural residential area

Residents live in a settlement where agriculture is the main form of economic activity. In agricultural or forest areas, villages are usually fixed; In pastoral areas, there are both settled settlements, seasonal settlements and nomadic tent settlements; In the fishing area, there is a boatman village with a boat as the bedroom.

Generally speaking, rural settlements include farmhouses, barns, warehouses, yards, roads, canals, green spaces beside houses, and ancillary facilities under specific environment and specialized production conditions. Small villages generally have no service function, while central villages have small shops, small clinics, post offices, schools and other living services and cultural facilities. With the development of modern urbanization, rural settlements similar to cities have appeared in the suburbs of cities.

urban community

Settlements with non-agricultural activities and non-agricultural population are larger than villages and market towns. A city is a political, economic and cultural center within a certain geographical scope, with a large population, high density and strong heterogeneity in occupation and demand.

Generally speaking, urban residential areas have large houses, dense roads, many productive facilities such as factories, and many living services and cultural facilities such as shops, hospitals, schools and theaters.

Residential area and environment

Settlement is a place where human beings live together, and settlement environment is a living environment created by human beings consciously developing, utilizing and transforming nature.

Early human settlements were generally chosen in places with superior natural conditions such as topography and climate and rich natural resources. For example, the Lantian ape-man site in Shaanxi Province, China, is on the highest level of a river. At that time, the climate there was warm and humid, and there were many animals for hunting (42 kinds of animals were found in archaeology). With the continuous improvement of human ability to use and transform nature, the field of human activities has been expanding, from tropical and temperate zones to cold zones.

Residential buildings in settlements are created by local residents to adapt to the local natural environment and facilitate the acquisition of local building materials. They have both obvious characteristics of the times and obvious local colors. For example, Inuit people in the Arctic build igloos with locally available ice cubes, and the walls are thick, which is conducive to maintaining indoor temperature; There is a thick loess layer on the loess plateau in China, and the climate is relatively dry, so local residents use local materials to dig caves with the loess layer; Xinjiang, China has a dry climate and windy sand, so you can build a house with a flat roof and the roof can be used to dry crops. In China and some tropical regions of the world, because of the heat, rain and humidity, double-story wooden buildings or bamboo buildings are generally built, with good ventilation. People who live upstairs are not only cool, but also relatively dry. Due to the cold climate in Northeast China, rooms with thick walls and firewalls are generally built, where the wind is strong, so the window paper is stuck outside the window. Some houses are created to adapt to the living customs of local residents, such as the Hakkas in Fujian, China, who live in groups and use large earth buildings to create characteristic buildings.

In addition to rural settlements and urban settlements, there are settlement types such as urbanized villages and market towns between them.

Reference: baike.baidu/view/355562? fr = ala 0 _ 1