Sorting out the compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior high school

What are the theoretical knowledge of geography compulsory two in senior high school, and how should candidates recite these theoretical knowledge? Little friends who don't know. I have carefully prepared Two Knowledge Points of High School Geography for your reference only. Please continue to pay attention to this website and you will continue to get more information!

High school geography compulsory two knowledge points combing geography compulsory two key knowledge points summary

(1) Chapter I Population

I. Population growth

1. The main factors affecting population growth: productivity level, medical and health conditions and education level affect the mortality and birth rate of the population, and then affect the population growth model. In addition, policies, social welfare and natural disasters will also affect population growth.

2. Population growth mode (population reproduction mode): ① primitive type: high and low (a few primitive and backward areas). ② Traditional type: high and low (low level in developing countries). ③ Modern type: Three lows (developed countries or regions).

3. World population growth: Africa has the highest natural population growth rate and Europe has the lowest; Asia has the largest net population growth.

4. Population problem: ① Rapid population growth: great population pressure-population control (China implements family planning). ② The population growth is too slow: the population is aging-encouraging fertility and accepting immigrants (China relies on developing productive forces).

Second, population migration.

1. The main reasons for population migration: economy (migration from backward areas to developed areas), politics (political persecution, war, organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, and other factors (family and marriage, relatives and friends, escaping discrimination).

2, the significance of population migration (effect)

(1) Benefits: ① Strengthen national unity and promote national integration. ② Strengthen cultural exchange. (3) Reduce the population pressure in the emigration area. (4) Providing cheap labor for immigrant areas.

(2) Disadvantages: ① Causing brain drain in the emigration area. (2) It increases the environmental pressure in the place of immigration and increases the difficulty of social management.

Three. Population distribution and population capacity

1. Population environmental capacity: the maximum population that can be maintained in a certain period of time.

Reasonable population capacity: the most suitable population that a region can continuously support. The reasonable population capacity is less than the environmental capacity.

2. Factors affecting the environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity): ① Resource status. ② Productivity level. ③ Openness and consumption level.

(B) Chapter II Urban Spatial Structure and Urbanization

First, the spatial structure of the city.

1, urban functional zoning-the same urban land use type is clustered.

(1) business circle: located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic road-convenient transportation, developed communication and large flow of people; Strong ability to pay rent.

(2) Industrial zone: generally distributed on the edge of the city, with convenient transportation, and most rivers, railways and highways pass by.

(3) Residential area: it is the most extensive land use mode in the city.

(4) Cultural district: generally speaking, it is required to have a beautiful environment and stay away from the industrial and commercial district. Attention should be paid to the protection of cultural relics and historic sites in urban construction.

2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors and administrative factors.

3. City size, regional structure and service scope

(1) City scale: small city, medium city, big city, megacity.

(2) Urban regional structure mode: concentric circle mode, sector mode and multi-core mode.

(3) Small cities: the differentiation of regional structure is not obvious, and the types of services provided are few, the level is low and the scope of services is small.

Big cities: the regional structure is clearly differentiated, and the services provided are diverse, high-level and wide-ranging.

Second, the impact of urban location factors

(1) Natural aspects

1. Topography-The cities in the plain area are densely populated (the cities in the tropical area are located on the plateau because the climate is cooler).

2. Climate-cities with warm and humid climate have high density (temperate and coastal areas).

3. Rivers-The water supply and transportation functions of rivers determine the location of the city (the intersection, intersection and estuary of two rivers).

(2) Social and economic aspects

1. Resources: Karamay (oil), Birmingham (coal), Panzhihua (iron), Johannesburg (gold).

2. Traffic conditions: the city axis can be formed along the coast, along the river, along the railway and along the expressway. Most cities in the north are located at the intersection of main streets.

Changes in traffic routes will have an impact on urban development. (For example, Yangzhou: the canal prospered when it was navigable, but declined after it was silted up).

3. Politics (such as administrative center), military defense, religion, science and technology and tourism can also promote the formation and growth of cities.

Third, urbanization.

1. Signs of urbanization: ① Urban population increases. ② The proportion of urban population in the total population has increased. ③ The scale of urban land use has expanded. One of the most important indicators is the percentage of urban population to the total population.

2. Characteristics of urbanization after World War II: ① The development speed of big cities is faster than that of small cities; ② The number of big cities is increasing; ③ Megacities with a population of 1 10,000 have developed rapidly. -the trend of great urbanization

3. Urbanization in developed countries

The characteristics of (1) are: ① early start, ② high level, ③ anti-urbanization.

(2) Reasons for anti-urbanization: ① The requirements for urban environmental quality have been improved. ② The urban land rent is high. ③ Infrastructure in rural areas and small towns has been gradually improved. ④ Rural areas and small towns have good environmental quality and low land rent.

4. Urbanization in developing countries

The characteristics of (1) are as follows: ① It started late, but developed rapidly; ② Low level of urbanization; ③ The urban development is unreasonable, and the trend of large-scale urbanization is obvious.

(2) Urbanization in China lags behind industrialization.

(3) Unreasonable urban development: big cities expand rapidly, small and medium-sized cities develop slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few big cities.

5. The general law of urbanization: urbanization-suburban urbanization-reverse urbanization-re-urbanization.

Fourth, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment.

1, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment

(1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, rain island effect, thermal circulation in suburbs, and serious air pollution.

(2) Impact on hydrology: For groundwater, the infiltration volume decreases, and the range and depth of groundwater funnel area increase.

For river water, the speed of slope water is accelerated, and the time of river catchment is shortened, which makes it easier to form flood peaks.

Water quality-urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage pollute urban water sources.

(3) Impact on biology: the variety of lawn and plantation is single; The destruction of biological habitats reduces biodiversity.

2. Problems of urbanization: ① environmental pollution, ② traffic jam, ③ housing shortage, ④ employment difficulties, and ⑤ social disorder.

3. Solution: Protect and improve the urban environment-build an "eco-city"

① Establish satellite cities, develop new areas and disperse urban functions.

② Improve urban traffic and living environment. Broaden main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rail transit.

③ Protecting and managing the urban environment. Vigorously strengthen greening construction.

Knowledge point recitation method

1, picture memory method

Geographical pictures can vividly reflect geographical things and geographical phenomena, arouse students' enthusiasm for learning geography, help students understand and master textbook knowledge, and cultivate students' observation ability. Therefore, when learning, appropriate use of pictures corresponding to the learning content will get good results. The Atlas of China, which is suitable for senior high school, has 44 large and small maps. There are Xing 'an Forest Farm and Dalian Xingang; Loess Plateau, a cotton field in North China; Shanghai Bund, Three Gorges of the Yangtze River; Guilin landscape, Xisha scenery; Gezhouba, Sun Moon Lake, etc. There are more pictures in the textbook. When learning the corresponding chapters, you should first look at the pictures. If you study the "tropical rain forest natural belt" and look at the landscape pictures of the "tropical rain forest" first, students will come to the conclusion that plants are particularly dense, with trees, shrubs and herbs mixed together and many tree species. There are elephants and rhinos on the ground, crocodiles and hippos in the water. There are apes and orangutans crawling in the trees, and all kinds of birds are flying in the air. Students will feel the diversity and complexity of plants and animals in the tropical rain forest. When learning the content of the textbook, it is easy to understand how these characteristics are formed and can be further analyzed. So it has something to do with the climate of the tropical rain forest. Therefore, using geographical pictures is an indispensable means to learn geography.

2, analogy memory method

From the perspective of causality, if the basic elements are the same, the conclusions must be the same. The climate around the Mediterranean is characterized by rainy winters and dry summers. Because it is located on the west coast of the mainland at 30 ~ 40 north latitude; It is influenced by the west wind in winter and controlled by the subtropical high in summer. So we can see that under such conditions, there is a Mediterranean climate with winter rain and summer drought. North America, South America, Africa and Australia in the southern hemisphere.

3, map memory method

Look at the map, look at the map, draw a schematic diagram, etc. It is the most basic method to learn geography, which is easy to learn, fast, simple and practical. In principle, the whole learning process, from study to review, can't leave the map. Because map is an important intuitive language in geography, it can vividly and accurately represent all kinds of geographical things on the ground, and of course it can also reflect all kinds of geographical things. Through the map, we can determine the geographical orientation and regional scope, show the size, height, distance, shape and distribution of geographical things, make it easy to clarify the mutual relationship and internal relationship between geographical elements, and make it easy for students to understand geographical laws. Reading and analyzing pictures can develop and enrich students' imagination and logical thinking ability, broaden students' horizons and gradually establish the spirit of daring to explore nature, the earth and the universe.

Learn all kinds of climate types and learn according to the picture, which is easy to remember and understand. For example, the East Asian monsoon caused by the thermal difference between land and sea is the most obvious and powerful monsoon region in the world. This is determined by the nature of the pressure field in winter and summer. In winter half a year, the temperature in the Asian continent is low, forming Mongolia and Siberia high pressure areas; The relative temperature on the east side of the Pacific Ocean is higher than that on the mainland at the same latitude, forming the Aleutian low pressure area in the North Pacific Ocean and the equatorial low pressure area south of the equator. The general trend is that the land high pressure and the offshore low pressure naturally change in temperature and pressure gradient, thus forming a northerly wind blowing from the land high pressure area to the offshore low pressure area, which is called winter wind. In summer, the temperature field and the pressure field are opposite, so the wind direction is also opposite.

In fact, the above monsoon questions and some geography questions are not clear maps, but in essence, you need to answer the questions accurately, and you need to have a bright map of Asia or the world in your mind to answer them comprehensively and accurately.

Effective methods of geography learning in senior high school: combining arts with science and combining learning with law.

I. Physical geography

Physical geography in senior high school geography includes universe, atmosphere, ocean, land and so on. , especially the earth movement and time calculation, solar altitude angle, various sunshine maps, climate, ocean currents, various isoline maps, etc. , with distinctive scientific characteristics, needs more logical thinking.

When learning these knowledge points, we should adopt a scientific learning method, emphasize that understanding is more important than memory, aim at practical application, pay attention to the understanding and application of geographical principles and laws, and solve problems with practical analysis.

Usually do more exercises, pay attention to solving problems, especially draw more pictures, deepen understanding and consolidate knowledge.

Second, human geography and regional geography

Human geography and regional geography in high school geography mainly belong to liberal arts. They focus on the application of ideas and methods and are suitable for emphasizing the learning methods of liberal arts. They should not only strengthen their memory on the basis of understanding, but also evaluate and reflect on reality.

When studying human geography and regional geography, we should read more books and be familiar with and master the main points of knowledge; You should be able to read books and grasp the context and main ideas of teaching materials; Think more, be good at summing up and form your own opinions.

Easy to learn and remember, combined with graphics and text

Geography learning is inseparable from maps, and students must attach importance to maps and correctly understand and use them.

There are various types of illustrations in geography textbooks for senior high schools, which together with words make the contents of the textbooks more intuitive, vivid and vivid.

When studying, both physical geography and human geography should pay attention to the study and application of maps. Only by combining pictures and texts can we better know, understand and master all kinds of geographical things and phenomena, geographical laws and principles, and make geography easy to understand, learn, remember and use.

For example, the content of "the change of the length of day and night and the height of the noon sun" must be studied in combination with the image of "the global daytime length and the height angle of the noon sun from the bisector to the daytime", so that it can be clearly expounded and understood, and it can be flexibly used when encountering related knowledge questions. It is difficult to understand and answer such a question without a map.

Another example is the content of "World Urbanization Process", combined with the study of "World Urban Population Proportion Growth Map" and "Shanghai Urban Construction Land Expansion Map", so that students can understand the concept of urbanization more easily and remember the three main signs of urbanization.

Map is the carrier of geographical knowledge and the most important tool for learning geography. Using maps to memorize geographical knowledge is the most accurate, firm and effective memory method.

Therefore, when studying, students should combine reading with looking at pictures, and find out, implement and memorize geographical knowledge one by one on the pictures.

Usually, you should read more pictures (you can also fill in the pictures), "never leave your hand" (you can read them for a few minutes at a time), and print them in your mind to reproduce your knowledge on them.

In this way, when solving geographical problems, we can come up with a vivid and clear map: earth movement, atmospheric stratification, distribution of mountains and rivers, ocean current direction, national location, railway trunk lines, industrial centers ... so as to extract the necessary information accurately and effectively and answer calmly.

Master, knowledge connection

The subject characteristics of high school geography can be summarized as the following aspects:

1, the focus of learning is to master "What are the rules?" "Why?" The question of "what to do".

Junior high school geography is more about learning "where?" Problems such as "what kind of things" and "what characteristics" inevitably involve many things that need to be memorized, so the focus of its learning method is to solve how to memorize these geographical facts scientifically and efficiently.

High school geography focuses on the laws of geographical things and their influence on human production and life. By exploring the causes of these laws, it serves for human beings to form corresponding countermeasures.

In other words, it is necessary to focus on the comprehensive analysis of multiple factors, summarize those complicated geographical facts, derive some laws from them, grasp their causes in essence, and finally form corresponding countermeasures for human production and life.

It can be seen that the core of high school geography learning is understanding and application, not memory.

On the other hand, high school geography is based on junior high school regional geography. However, due to various reasons, some students' junior high school geography knowledge has been forgotten, which has affected the study of senior high school geography. Therefore, it is necessary to review some junior high school geography knowledge in the learning process of senior high school geography.

First, you can spend some time browsing junior high school geography textbooks, mainly including the knowledge of the earth map, the distribution of continents and oceans, the basic situation of major countries and regions in the world, and the geographical division of China, so as to deepen the impression of these basic knowledge in your mind.

Second, in high school geography learning, when it comes to junior high school knowledge, it is necessary to consult the regional map or review the relevant contents of junior high school in time, pay attention to the organic connection between senior high school and junior high school knowledge, and put the systematic geographical knowledge into specific geographical areas to understand, analyze and solve problems, so as to achieve mastery of knowledge.

2. Both physical geography and human geography are characterized by the relationship between man and land.

Almost all geographical problems are closely related to human production and life, and learning geography must closely follow this main line.

3. Many geographical problems have interdisciplinary characteristics of knowledge and ability.

Physical geography is mainly related to mathematics, physics and biology, while human geography is mainly related to politics. It is of great significance to the college entrance examination and comprehensive examination we are facing.