The basic situation of Zionism

Jews scattered around the world demand to return to their ancient hometown of Palestine and rebuild the Jewish state. Also known as the Zionist movement. There were two Jewish States in ancient Palestine, Israel and Judea, which were destroyed by Assyria and Babylon in the 8th century BC and 6th century BC respectively. After the failure of the Jewish uprising in A.D. 135, Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and even the whole of Palestine and scattered all over the world.

After the wave of anti-Semitism appeared in Russia, France and Germany in 1980s and 1990s, Zionism thoughts and movements were formed. 1882, L. Pinsker, a Jewish doctor in Odessa, Russia, said: "People discriminate against Jews because we are not a country. The only way to solve this problem is to establish a Jewish state. " At the same time, the Zionist organization Bilu appeared in Russia, and organized Jewish immigration to Palestine began. From 65438 to 0895, T. Hecl, a Jewish journalist in Vienna, wrote the book The Jewish State, which further put forward the theory and program of Zionism. Under his leadership, the first Jewish Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland from 65438 to 0897. The World Zionist Program adopted by the General Assembly stipulates that the goal of Zionism is to establish the Jewish homeland of the Jewish nation in Palestine, which is guaranteed by public law. At the meeting, the World Zionist Organization with Hecl as its chairman was established. Zionism was first used by Britain. 19171kloc-0/In June, British Foreign Secretary Belfo issued the Balfour Declaration on behalf of the government, declaring that "His Majesty's Government is in favor of establishing a Jewish national homeland in Palestine and is making every effort to achieve this goal". With the support of imperialism, despite the strong opposition of Arabs, the Zionists used political, diplomatic, financial and military means to forcibly organize Jews to emigrate to the western Palestinian areas where Arabs live in concentrated communities. In the six migration waves from 1882 to 1948, more than 460,000 people moved to Palestine. Hitler's anti-Semitic policy in Germany accelerated the development of Zionism.

1947165438+1On October 29th, the United Nations passed a resolution to establish an Arab state and a Jewish state in Palestine, respectively, and to internationalize Jerusalem. After that, the Zionists immediately seized the territory of the proposed so-called Jewish state by force, and at the same time seized some areas belonging to Arab countries in the partition plan, forcing more than 300,000 Arabs to leave their homes and become refugees within four months. 1May, 94814th, Zionists announced the establishment of the State of Israel.

The large-scale migration of Jews to Palestinian areas and the establishment of the State of Israel have greatly intensified the contradiction with the entire Arab nation and become an important source of long-term turmoil in the Middle East. Jews' desire to return to the place where their ancestors lived has become the central theme of Jews all over the world. After the failure of the ancient Jewish uprising in 70 AD and the destruction of Jerusalem by the Roman Empire, Jews were expelled from Palestine in 135 AD, and then Jews dispersed to other parts of the empire, although many Jews in the Hellenistic period voluntarily decided to leave Palestine and move to other parts of the Mediterranean basin [1] (these).

As Moses Seth said in Rome and Jerusalem: 1862 The Last National Problem, some Jewish thinkers think that Jewish settlements in Palestine are a national problem.

A key event in launching modern Zionism was the Dreyfus incident in France in 1894. In a country that they thought was the birthplace of freedom and enlightenment, Jews were deeply shocked by this anti-Semitic incident. Theodor herzl, a Jewish Austrian, is the witness of this event. 1896, he published a pamphlet entitled "Jewish state", describing this incident as a turning point-Hecl was an anti-Zionist before the Dreyfus incident; After the incident, he became a fanatical follower of Zionism. However, historians did not pay attention to Hecl's self-report, but pointed out that the main factor to promote the popularization of modern Zionism was to incite the popularity of anti-Semitism held by politician Karl Rueger. [2] 1897, Hecl held the first Zionist conference in Basel. The Congress established the World Zionist Organization (WZO) and elected Hecl as its first president.

The word Zionism originated from Zion and is another name for Jerusalem mentioned in the Bible. This is a word created for Jewish nationalism by Austrian Jewish publisher NathanBirnbaum in 1890. 1947, Britain announced that they would withdraw their troops from Palestine, and then in the same year129 October, 165438+ the United Nations General Assembly voted to pass the bill to divide Palestine into an Arab country and a Jewish country (Jerusalem became an international territory). A civil war broke out immediately between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. 1948, 14 in may, the Jewish leader of Palestine declared independence, thus establishing the state of Israel. This marks an important turning point in the history of the Zionist movement, because the main goal of the movement has been achieved. Many Zionist organizations adopted new policies, and these three military organizations were merged into Israel Defense Forces.

During the war of independence, most Arabs either fled Palestine or were deported, so Jews accounted for the majority of the population in the 1948 ceasefire line area. It was not until 1967 that this ceasefire line became the actual border of Israel. 1950, the Knesset passed the Law of Return, giving all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel. This law, coupled with the tide of Jewish refugees from Europe and Jews expelled from Arab countries, led to the majority of Jews in Israel, and this change seems to be permanent.

1968 The World Zionist Congress adopted the following guidelines:

Jewish unity and Israel's central position in Jewish life,

Jews migrated from various countries to the land of their ancestors-Israel.

The prosperity of the state of Israel under the "predicted justice and peace",

Maintaining Jewish identity and strengthening Jewish cultural and spiritual values through Jewish, Hebrew and Zionist education, and

Protect the human rights of Jews in all areas. 19 18 the Ottoman empire collapsed, Palestine was no longer under control, and the Zionist movement entered a new situation. First of all, expand Jewish settlements in Palestine, start the national public infrastructure and raise funds for construction, and discourage—or force—the British authorities from taking any action that will lead to the Palestinian area becoming an Arab majority. During the1920s, the Jewish population grew steadily, and the Jewish organizational system initially formed a country. At the same time, with the rise of Palestinian Arab nationalism, the resistance to Jewish immigrants is increasing.

International Jews still have different opinions on Zionism. Many Jews in Europe and America think that there is no need to have a "Jewish homeland", because even if they do not support Zionism, Jews can live as equal citizens in western democratic countries.