? List of officers and men of Di Qingnan's crusade against barbarians in Song Dynasty

In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the powerful Zhuang farmers in Guangyuan Prefecture rose up against the Song Dynasty, and Di Qing, a famous soldier in the Northern Song Dynasty, led his troops south to rebel. According to historical records, after the rebellion was put down, the imperial court retained 4,000 imperial troops in Yongzhou and stationed 65,438+10,000 troops in various parts of Guangxi. Many of these soldiers stationed in the garrison intermarried with local people to settle down and reproduce. Later, the court also allowed court officers and soldiers to bring their families, which was called the "old camp". Because of geographical reasons, some of them became Hakkas.

The peasants rebelled against the Song Dynasty.

In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the powerful Zhuang farmers in Guangyuan Prefecture rose up against the Song Dynasty, and Di Qing led his troops to the south to suppress rebellion and garrison, which was an important event in the history of the Song Dynasty and also one of the important historical events in the history of Hakka immigration.

Nong Gaozhi was born in A.D. 1025. He was from Guangyuan Prefecture, a border area of Lingnan in the Northern Song Dynasty. "Being able to be a scholar is a great taste of a scholar." His martial arts are legendary among the people, and he is good at riding, shooting and kendo. Guangyuan House, located in the southwest of Yongjiang (now Nanning, Guangxi), is the source of Yongjiang, and it is one of the several meters houses to which Yongjiang belongs (the administrative units set up in ethnic minority areas are divided into three levels: state, county and cave, and the leaders of all ethnic groups are appointed by the central government as officials, hereditary and under the jurisdiction of the governor of border States). Guangyuan Prefecture has four surnames: Wei, Huang, Zhou and Nong. In the early Song Dynasty, agriculture became the most powerful force. According to the History of Song Dynasty, in the first month of the second year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 977), its leader Nong was appointed as an ordinary proofreader, an ancient scholar and a pillar of the country by the Northern Song Dynasty court. By the time Nong Gaozhi's father, Nong Quanfu, his influence was further expanded and became well-known in Luoyou Prefecture (now Fusui County, Guangxi). He also killed his younger brother Nong and his wife, and occupied their territory of Wanya (now daxin county, Guangxi) and Fufu (now Fusui, Guangxi), thus having a considerable sphere of influence. Nong Quanfu established the "Immortal Kingdom" in A.D. 1029, calling himself "Emperor Zhaosheng", and named his wife, A Nong, as "Queen of Mingde" and Nong Gaozhi as "King of Nanya".

When Nong Quanfu was killed by the toe-crossing country, Nong Gaozhi was 14 years old. He gathered with his mother, captured the friends near Guangyuan in the early years of you, and established the "Dali Kingdom". The countries with crossed toes sent troops to defeat Nong Gaozhi and took Judea. I had to send someone to offer gold, silver and elephant training to the Song Dynasty, and asked the Song Dynasty to formally grant him an official position. Song Dynasty considered him treacherous and untrustworthy, and neither accepted his tribute nor sealed his official position. Angry from embarrassment, he concentrated his forces on attacking South Guangxi Road in the Song Dynasty in an attempt to seize Yongzhou and Guangzhou, where he became king.

In April (AD 1052), the farmer led 5,000 soldiers down the Yujiang River, and captured Hengshanzhai (now Ma Ping Town, Tiandong County, Guangxi), an important town in the upper reaches of Youjiang River. Then he attacked Yongzhou, killed everyone, built "Great South China" there, called himself "Emperor Ren Hui", and set up officials according to the Song Dynasty official system. At that time, there were not many troops stationed in Lingnan counties in the Song Dynasty, and the military equipment was thin. When Nong Gaozhi led his troops to attack, local officials were at a loss, and most people abandoned the city and fled. Without much resistance, Nong captured dozens of counties in Kyushu, such as Heng (now Hengxian, Guangxi), Gui (now Guixian, Guangxi), Xun (now Guiping, Guangxi), Kang (now Deqing, Guangxi) and Duan (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong). Wherever he went, Nong sent troops to kill officials, burn and rob Fuku, and hit Guangzhou, another important town in Lingnan, but the soldiers and civilians in Guangzhou fought to the death. Nong Gaozhi failed to capture the besieged city for more than 50 days, and his warships were also burned by Tuding and sea heroes raised by Panyu County. Long-distance raids by agricultural intellectuals are conducive to quick decisions and are not easy to last. So he withdrew from Guangzhou in July and retreated to Yongzhou. On the way, it was stolen from He (now Hexian County, Guangxi), Zhao (now Pingle County, Guangxi) and Bin (now Binyang, Guangxi). Thousands of people in Zhaozhou fled into the valley to escape, were caught up by Nong, blocked in the valley and burned alive.

For a time, the emperor of the Song Dynasty ate snacks for it, and the ruling and opposition parties shook, and the ministers discussed countermeasures. Just as Song Ting was suffering from no good prescription, a man came to the table and volunteered to March south to conquer Gao Zhi. This man is Di Qing.

Di Qing/kloc-joined the army at the age of 0/6.

Di Qing was born in 1008 and died in 1057. He was born in Xihe, Fenzhou (now Fenyang City, Shanxi Province) and was a famous player in the Northern Song Dynasty. Di Qing was born in poverty and was educated by his brother at the age of 16. According to the practice of the Northern Song Dynasty, he was forced to join the army, and was elected as the cavalry guard of the Imperial Guard and served as the official of the Imperial Guard.

In the first year of Baoyuan in Song Renzong (A.D. 1038), Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, proclaimed himself emperor in the northwest and established Xixia. During the Xia and Song Dynasties, Song Jun, who was used to infantry fighting, was always at a disadvantage under the fierce attack of Xixia nomadic cavalry. Song Renzong ordered the selection of imperial guards who were good at riding and shooting to enrich the frontier, and Di Qing was appointed as the emissary of Class Three, the temple servant and the governor of Yanzhou, and came to the northwest front line security (now Zhidan, Shaanxi). Soon, Xixia soldiers attacked the security guard. Song Jun was defeated by Xixia soldiers many times, and the soldiers were very afraid of war. However, Di Qing, a newcomer, volunteered to be a pioneer. He rode a horse, took the lead with a gun and rushed into the enemy line, picking the east and killing the west. Xixia soldiers were caught off guard and in chaos. Song Jun took advantage of the situation to kill the past and achieved great victory. He was seriously injured in the battle of Anyuan, but as soon as he heard that the Xixia army had arrived, he stepped forward and rushed to it, so the soldiers rushed to fight for it. When he fought the enemy, he wore long hair and a bronze mask. When he entered and left the enemy, the Xixia army ran away, and no one dared to stop him. He is called "General Mianne".

Paoguan Athena Chu talked with Di Qing about military affairs and admired him very much. He considered himself a "talented soldier" and recommended him to Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan, two running judges. When they saw Di Qing, they thought he was a wizard and were very polite to him. Fan Zhongyan taught him to read Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals and said to him, "The general doesn't know ancient and modern times, but he is brave in chivalry." From then on, Di Qing studied hard and became the head coach of the Northwest Defence War in the Song Dynasty.

Di Qing was called "General Miannie" because of the black scar on his face. Song Renzong once suggested that Di Qing take medicine to remove the black scar. Di Qing pointed to his face and said, "Your Majesty rewards merit, regardless of family background; I am where I am today because of these scars. I hope to keep them to encourage the army and dare not follow your orders. " Later, he was appointed as the magistrate of Yanzhou, as the special envoy of our Changhua Army, and was promoted to deputy special envoy of the Council.

Di Qing fought 25 battles before and after his life, the most famous of which was the attack on Kunlun Pass on the 15th night of the first month in the fifth year of You (AD 1053). Di Qing was suspected by the imperial court for his contribution to Gao Zhen, and finally died of depression. After his death, he was treated with courtesy and respect, and was bequeathed by the secretariat. posthumous title was "Wu Xiang".

Di Qing volunteered to counter the rebellion.

Di Qing volunteered to go to war. When he met Song Renzong the next day, he said, "I was born as a soldier. Nothing can serve my country except killing the enemy on the battlefield. I hope I can lead hundreds of fallen cavalry and some imperial soldiers to cut off the traitor's head and send it back to Beijing. " Song Renzong appreciated his grandiloquence, so he was appointed as the ambassador of Xuanhui South Hospital and Jinghu North Road in Fu Xuan, responsible for handling the rebellion of Nong Gaozhi, and set a wine to see him off at the vertical arch temple.

"Di Qing and lieutenant Yang led twenty thousand infantry and cavalry all the way south. At the beginning of the fifth year of Emperor Youdi, he left Kunlun Pass and went straight to Yongzhou. "Yang Qinghua, vice president of Tian Bo Western-style Clothing Association, said.

After Nong rebelled, the Song court appointed officials to lead troops to destroy them. They were either killed by Nong Gaozhi or demoted by defeat. Before Di Qing was ordered to go south, Yu Jin and Sun Mian were important officials who were still directing the suppression of agriculture. Di Qing, Sun Mian, and Yu Jing are the so-called "three generals", headed by Di Qing. Yu Jing is a native of Qujiang, Shaozhou (now Shaoguan, Guangdong), and once held the posts of well-known and former state (now Ganzhou, Jiangxi). His father's worries haven't ended yet, that is, he was appointed as the superintendent on June 30, 2052, in charge of well-known, Guizhou (now Guilin) and Guangnan West Road, and he was also the messenger and thief of Guangnan East and West Road. Sun Mian, a native of Yueji, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), used to be the communications envoy of Shaanxi and Hedong, 1052 September/0/4 as the ambassador of Jinghu South Road and Jiangnan West Road, and the ambassador of Guangnan East and West Road, and a thief of Guangnan Economic Department.

At that time, Nong Gaozhi Lien Chan won the battle and was in high spirits. However, the loyal officials in Lingnan suffered repeated defeats, low morale and poor fighting capacity. After Di Qing arrived in Hunan, he ordered all the troops not to go into battle without authorization, and to obey orders. Chen Shu, the ruler of Guangxi, took advantage of the arrival of Di Qing to lead an army attack without authorization. As a result, they were defeated in Kunlun Pass, and Yuan Yong and others fled. After Di Qing arrived, he called the generals to the class, arrested Chen Shu, and called 30 people, including Yuan Yong, to launch a military beheading for the crime of defeat and escape.

In order to reverse the unfavorable factors of low morale, Di Qing thought of a way: there was a temple in southern Guizhou, and the local natives rumored that the sacred objects in the temple were very effective, so Di Qing led his men to the temple and bowed down. Di Qing took out a hundred coppers and prayed to God in public, saying: If we can win the southern expedition, all the coppers will face up after they are scattered. Subordinates are surprised and think that there is no reason why every hundred dollars is literally upward. Doing so will only shake the morale of the army and affect the already low morale, so I discouraged it. Di Qing was unmoved and spilled the money. Unexpectedly, when he prayed, hundreds of copper coins were facing up. For a time, the whole army cheered and thundered, and people thought that this expedition had God's help, which greatly boosted morale and morale.

The night attack on Kunlun Pass defeated the rebels.

The majestic Kunlun Pass lies between Yongzhou and Pennsylvania. According to legend, the Kunlun Pass was built by Ma Yuan, the general of Fu Bo in Han Dynasty, with a history of 1000 years. Kunlun Pass is the gateway and barrier of Nanning, with dangerous terrain and easy to defend but difficult to attack. It can be said that "one person can keep it, and ten thousand people can't force it", which has been valued by military strategists in past dynasties and is a battleground for military strategists. According to records, there have been several large-scale battles in Kunlun Pass. The gate of Kunlun Pass is engraved with three characters "Kunlun Pass", which is known as "the natural barrier in the south".

After many days of reconnaissance, Di Qing found it difficult to win by storm and decided to cross the border illegally. In order to confuse Nong Gaozhi, Di Qing stayed in Pennsylvania. First, the soldiers were ordered to prepare food and grass for five days, and then ordered to prepare food and grass for 10 days, and decorated the Lantern Festival to let the soldiers have a rest. After learning the news, Nong Kochi thought that Di Qing would not attack immediately, so he relaxed his vigilance and did not send troops to guard the Kunlun Pass as a barrier in Tanzhou.

While the army was unprepared, Di Qing ordered the whole army to advance rapidly and reach Kunlun Pass. Then gallop in the rain and cross Kunlun Pass overnight. When Nong Kochi found that he was out of danger, he immediately sent the whole army out of the city to fight. The two sides met in Guirenpu (now Tangsan Street, Tangsan Town, Xingning District, Nanning), which is more than 0/0 kilometers away from Yongzhou City. The two armies lined up, and Di Qing ordered Sun Jie and Zhu Gui to lead the infantry first, followed by Sun Zhen and Yu Jingling. Nong Gaozhi's army is led by the "symbol army" with javelin and shield, and the weak are behind. When the two armies met, Nong Kochi won the battle. Song Jun striker Sun Jie died in battle, and other generals were shocked, and the whole army was in danger of losing.

At this critical juncture, Di Qing held high the military flag and commanded the elite cavalry to fight from the left and right wings, opening and closing vertically and horizontally, and attacking from front to back. Nong Gaozhi's "conscription" was washed away by cavalry, and the soldiers fled. Song Jun hunted for 8 kilometers, killed more than 50 right-hand men and more than 2,000 foot soldiers, including two younger brothers of Nong Gaozhi, Nong Jianzhong, Nong Zhizhong and strategist Huang Shimi, and captured more than 500 people. Nong Gaozhi led the disabled soldiers back to Yongzhou City. Seeing that the general trend had gone, he retreated to Temo Road in Dali (now Funing County, Yunnan Province). According to relevant historical records, when Tanzhou City was broken, Nong Gaozhi led the remnants to abandon the city, took his mother, brother, wife and son, and attached himself to Nong Xia Qing of Temo Village, where he collected the remnants and bought horses to practice riding, in order to make a comeback. At that time, Zhu Xiao, the new magistrate of Yongzhou, led the soldiers to fight against the Qing Dynasty and captured a general of Nong Gaozhi alive. Zhu Xiao learned the relevant facts of agricultural intellectual by means of coercion and inducement. In 65438+ February (A.D. 1054), in the fifth year of Emperor Youdi, under the auspices of Yu Jing, the magistrate of Guangxi, Yang and Liu Zhou led soldiers to attack Temozhai, captured Nong's mother A Nong and Di Nong, and his second son Nong returned to the Song Dynasty. The whereabouts of Nong Kochi are unknown.

Di Qing led his troops into Yongzhou City and seized tens of thousands of gold and silk and thousands of livestock. Later, Huang Shimian and others were beheaded at the gates of Yongzhou. At that time, a corpse of the rebels wore a golden dragon robe, and all his subordinates said that Nong Gaozhi was dead and had to report to the court. Di Qing said, "How do we know this is not a scam? I'd rather say that Nong Gaozhi is missing than cheat the imperial court for meritorious military service. "

After the raging fire ignited by the peasants was subsided, Di Qing led his troops to the north of Guangxi, wrote the title of Pingman Three Generals, and recorded the names of generals at all levels who suppressed the peasants. Yu Jing also wrote "The Monument of Ping Man in the Great Song Dynasty", describing the general process of using troops this time, and praising the head coach Di Qing: "With Zhao Fang's talent and the weight of the machine shaft, he is crazy and ruthless, and has no class." ..... was born in Di Gong, supplemented by Sheng Tuzhong; Love is strong and righteous, and ambition is stubborn and fierce. Please take a good road, you will face a battle; Talented people will follow suit. "Today, these two inscriptions are engraved on the stone walls of Longyin Rock and Zhennan Peak (now Tiefeng Mountain) in Guilin City, Guangxi Province, and are still well preserved.

In the second year of He Zhi (A.D. 1055), Bi Tao, the governor of Yongzhou, praised the "Three Generals of Pingman" and built "Three Pavilions" (later renamed as "Three Temples") in Wang Xianpo (now Nanning People's Park). Later generations added Su Jian, Wang Shouren and Mangjitu and renamed them. 19 17, Guangdong and Guangxi ordered Lu Rongting to demolish it and build Zhenning Fort.

Song officers and soldiers live in Guangxi.

In the counter-insurgency war, Song Jun captured some rebel soldiers and rescued more than 10,000 people captured by Nong Gaozhi. Dozens of counties occupied by Nong Gaozhi returned to the rule of Song Dynasty. Yang Qinghua told reporters that Di Qing was promoted as the special envoy of the Tang Dynasty because of his achievements in suppressing the rebellion. Yang is also famous for his exploits in counterinsurgency. From the first year of Renzong to the year of Hehe (A.D. 1054), Song Ting rose to the fourth level by virtue of his ruling ability, and became the ruler of Guangxi, namely Zhizhouyi (now Yishan County, Guangxi) and Yongerzhou.

After the war, the Song Dynasty kept 4,000 soldiers in Yongzhou and 65,438+10,000 troops stationed in various parts of Guangxi. Many of these garrisoned soldiers are married and have children in the local area. Later, the court also allowed the families of court officers and soldiers to move with the army, which was called the "old camp". Therefore, most of the officers and men stationed in Lingnan settled in Guangxi or western Guangdong and became Guangxi or Cantonese. Most of these Central Plains immigrants claimed to be from Baima County (now hua county, Henan Province). Because of geographical reasons, some of them became Hakkas. According to Guangxi local chronicles, in the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, Guangyuan satrap raised a flag against the Song Dynasty. Song Renzong ordered Di Qing to beg Nong, and the barbarians ended. Di Qing sent troops to guard the border, leaving descendants in Guangxi, Yongzhou, Zuoyou River and Liujiang River. There is a saying of "guest army" in central and northern Guangxi.

Mai Qunzhong, the former director and research librarian of Guangxi Library, wrote in 20 12 that during the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, more and more Hakkas moved to Guangxi. According to Taiping Universe, in the Song Dynasty, Guangxi had been divided into master and customer. At that time in Guangxi, "Lord, 167 19, guest, 7759." Most customers come from Shandong, Henan, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong provinces, not only settled in the eastern and southern Guangxi, but also a few Hakkas settled in the mountainous areas in the northern and southwestern Guangxi. Clear lake, Tian Liang, Wushi and other villages in the south of Luchuan County are places where Hakkas live in compact communities. They are descendants of some officers and men who settled down in the area after Di Qing led the army south to suppress agriculture in the Song Dynasty, mainly including Du, Ding, Zheng, Bao, Zou, Huang, Li and Deng. They moved in early, lived in remote mountainous areas, were relatively backward in economy, were not rich, had no genealogy, and did not build ancestral temples, but their language and customs were exactly the same as those of local Hakkas.

Mai Qunzhong said that during the Song Dynasty, many Hakkas migrated to western Guangxi. For example, Huang in Chongzuo County is the ancestor of more than 10,000 Huang families in Chongzuo Jiangzhou today. At that time, Di Qing was ordered to lead an army to conquer Lane, many of whom came from Shandong.

The officers and men stationed in Guangxi not only brought advanced technology to the local area, but also advanced culture. The emergence of Guangxi dialect-Pinghua is closely related to them. According to the History of Song Dynasty and genealogy records, the ancestors of Pinghua residents moved to Guangxi from Shandong with Di Qingnan in the Song Dynasty. "Pinghua people's history is related to the military. Di Qing, the general of the Song Dynasty, once stationed troops in the south. The left-behind soldiers married the Guzhou people and gradually merged into a group of Pinghua people in Nanning. " Xu Jieshun, a professor of anthropology at Guangxi University for Nationalities and an authoritative scholar on Pinghua people, said that according to statistics, there are about 6.5 million Pinghua people in Guangxi, and there are traces of Nanning Pinghua people from Jintou Village, Baisha Village, Tingzi Village, Pingxi Village and Youai Village to Xinxu and Shibu. A professor of Guangxi Medical University studied the genes of Pinghua people by using DNA detection technology, and found that the genes of Guangxi natives occupied the main part in matrilineal inheritance, which means that most soldiers stationed in Guangxi at that time intermarried with local women to reproduce, thus forming Pinghua people today.