In which countries is the influence of liberalism on education more prominent?

The influence of liberalism on education is more prominent in Britain and America.

/kloc-the British government in the 0 th and 8 th centuries still did not interfere in education. Education in this period was still non-governmental. Parents have full freedom to choose schools and teachers. In order to maintain this freedom, people try their best to get rid of the state's control over education. British religious leaders also tried their best to control education and continue to combine education with religion. Due to these factors, the British national education system has not been formed and has been in a state of liberalization.

Parents and guardians are responsible for the education of middle and upper class children, and they can freely choose various private schools and teachers according to their own wishes. The level of selected schools and teachers is consistent with their social status. Schools and teachers are commercialized, and they are free to find sponsors and teach any courses they need, with almost no restrictions imposed. Among them, wealthier children generally go to nine famous public schools in Britain. The so-called public schools, originally called public schools, are funded by public organizations. The teaching purpose is to improve the education level of public schools and train ordinary public officials. This is a private grammar school. Teachers and equipment in public schools are superior, and tuition fees are expensive. The tuition fee for a student is as high as 400 pounds a year, which is equivalent to the annual salary of an ordinary worker. Public schools mainly teach classical liberal arts. Because of the close relationship between public schools and churches, religious courses are emphasized in teaching. Public schools only recruit graduates from preparatory schools, study for six years, and all students board. After graduation, most public school students go to Oxford University, Cambridge University and other famous schools.

Children of workers and peasants in the lower classes generally go to charity schools. As early as 1699, the British Parliament established the China Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, a religious organization that set up charitable schools to recruit children from the poor. In addition to religious indoctrination, this school also teaches some elementary knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic, teaches girls some sewing knowledge, and conducts training and preaching on moral habits, so that children can work hard and be satisfied with humble social life. Not long after this kind of school was opened, many places followed suit, and philanthropists rushed to donate money to run the school, which became a fashion. There are many names of such schools, such as begging schools, labor schools, and day schools for the poor. These schools are always called charity schools. These primary schools run by churches, non-governmental charities or private individuals have poor equipment and low teachers, and upper-class children basically don't like such schools. Only a part of poor children can be accommodated, and most of them cannot enter secondary schools to continue their studies.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, influenced by Rousseau's democratic education thought, British charity education developed further. At this time, the British government also expressed concern about charity education. There are three important schools, namely, Sunday school, tutorial school and nursery school. Every school has its own sponsor. They also organized some groups to promote these schools in Britain and the United States.

Sunday school was founded by joseph allen. Poor children generally work, six days a week, more than ten hours a day. When they have no time to study and rest on Sundays, Sunday schools gather them together and teach them reading, writing, arithmetic and religious knowledge. Sunday school is generally sponsored by the church and is one of the affiliated institutions of the church.

The tutorial school was first founded by Andrew Bell (1753— 1832). He selected several clever students from the class, spent part of his time teaching them the lessons of the day, and then put everyone in charge of a small class and switched to the same courses. This way of running a school is very popular, and tutorial schools are all over Britain in a short time. 1808, the Royal Lancaster Association was established to raise funds and set up tutorial schools.

The United States was originally a British colony, and most of its residents were immigrants from Britain. British cultural traditions are deeply rooted here. According to the traditional British view, education is the responsibility of parents or guardians, and the state should try not to interfere. The school is run by private and religious charities. The Church of England funded its charities and opened free schools for poor children in American colonies. But in the18th century, all sects were free to run schools and win sponsors and students. They also carefully guard their position and do not allow any violation of this freedom.

Later, due to the development of industry and commerce, the wind of private schools rose. In towns, a number of private schools funded by teachers have emerged, and young people who want to be businessmen, clerks, bookkeepers, accountants, technicians and seafarers flock to such private schools. Among these private schools, the middle school founded by Benjamin Franklin is the most typical. Other philanthropists, churches, enterprising teachers, educational groups, etc. Follow his example and set up schools all over the United States. Therefore, middle schools have spread rapidly in the United States, reaching 1800. It is estimated that there are already more than 100 such schools.

The courses of private middle schools vary according to the specific requirements of students, and generally include Latin, Greek, English literature, rhetoric, algebra, trigonometry, surveying, geography, history, astronomy, elementary physics and chemistry, psychology, ethics and Christian teachings. Girls learn music, dance, needlework, reading, painting and French.

Although some public schools were established in various states after the American War of Independence, and the state and federal governments strengthened their management and intervention in education, the trend of running schools privately still prevailed.

In Britain and the United States, there is not only a liberal tendency in establishing primary and secondary education, but also a strong liberal tendency in establishing university education.

In Britain, after entering the19th century, the industrial revolution brought about the prosperity of cultural and scientific knowledge, and utilitarianism became an important principle. People in society generally require universities to study and teach new courses. In addition, the exclusion of non-state religious teachers from classical universities has formed the trend of establishing new universities. At that time, many non-state sects with liberal ideas, secular scholars who attached importance to scientific development, and some enlightened people of industrial capitalists all had this desire. On this basis, the university movement rose in Britain. In this movement, several famous universities were established one after another, such as London University and King's College. The new university movement promoted the birth and development of local universities, especially in famous cities with prosperous industries and concentrated cultures, and many schools were established one after another. Such as Leeds College, Birmingham College and Liverpool College. These colleges developed into local universities after 1900. The characteristics of these new universities are private, with no sectarian and gender restrictions on enrollment. They adopt boarding and day-to-day systems, emphasizing natural science, mathematics and business. Most of the students in this new university are children of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie.

There is a similar situation in the United States. The earliest institutions of higher learning in the United States are all private universities based on the model of British universities, such as Harvard University, New Jersey College, University of Pennsylvania, Yale University, and College of William and Mary. After the independence of the United States, when the leaders of the Democratic Party wanted to transform private schools into national universities, they met with strong opposition from these universities and related people. Finally, the federal government actually made concessions, and the Federal Supreme Court also ruled in favor of private colleges.