The development of the sacred heart of Notre Dame.

After more than ten years of painstaking efforts, missionaries set up churches in Songshuzuizi (Jehol), Xiwanzi (Chahar), Gonggouyan, Cheng Guihua, Gong Sheng in Hetao and Xiaoqiao in northern Shaanxi. Gansu pastoral area was founded in1878; 1883, Inner Mongolia has 14000 members. Therefore, the Ministry of Information of the Holy See divides this vast area into three missionary areas: the Jehol area in Chifeng in the east is called "the pastoral area of East Mongolia"; Jining area in the middle of Xiwanzi is called "Central Mongolian Pastoral Area"; Suiyuan, northern Shaanxi and Ningxia in the west are called "southwest Mongolian ancient pastoral areas" In the same year, three priests began to teach in Xinjiang from Gansu, looking for the missing members. 1888, the holy see agreed to establish an independent missionary area in Xinjiang.

When the missionaries first arrived at the Great Wall, they found that they had to solve the living problems of the local people first. At first, they focused on the Mongols. A few years later, they found that the effect of missionary work was not great, because Mongolian nomadic lifestyle and deep-rooted Lamaism belief often made their efforts in vain. So besides the Mongolian church in Chengchuan area of northern Shaanxi, missionaries began to shift their missionary focus to Han people outside the immigrant population, helping them emigrate, renting land and borrowing cattle, providing food seeds and farm tools, digging canals for irrigation, defending against bandits, and setting up parish villages around the church.

Since the signing of the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty, missionaries went to the mainland to build churches to preach, rent and buy land, and demanded the return of religious property confiscated before, which led to fierce conflicts with the people of China. Eucalyptus grandis began to occur in 65438+1940s, and it was more frequent in 1960s. The problems of the congregation of Notre Dame de Mongolia are mostly disputes related to land reclamation. /kloc-The Boxer Rebellion, which broke out at the end of 0/9, originated in Shandong. Participants called for "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" and deliberately turned against the church. /kloc-in the spring of 0/900, the Boxer Rebellion developed from Shandong to Zhili and entered Beijing in early June. This movement soon spread to Shanxi, Henan, Fengtian, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other regions. 1900 At the turn of spring and summer, the Boxers from the mainland successively entered the east and southwest of Mongolia. In the southwest of Mongolia, there have been three eucalyptus trees, namely, 24 hectares of land, Sandaohe River and small bridge. Among them, in July of 1900, 24 hectares of eucalyptus in southwest Mongolia was the most shocking, and it was the earliest eucalyptus in the boxer rebellion north of the Great Wall, with the most casualties and the greatest influence. Ferdinand Hamer, a Mongolian shepherd in southwest China, was burned to death by the Boxer after firing a young priest. As for the bridge, Bishop Alfons Bermyn led his parishioners to hold on to the fortress of Quaker Village and effectively resisted the siege. According to statistics, during the Gengzi period, 1 bishop, 9 priests (including 8 missionaries and 1 priest China) and more than 2,000 parishioners were killed. In addition, schools and charities created after decades of hard work have also been destroyed, which is a great blow to the church society. 800,000 yuan was compensated afterwards, including about 4,000 hectares of land, and the rest was paid in cash and livestock.

With the land, more parishioners were attracted to join the reclamation, and priests also rented land from Mongolian princes. After 65,438+0,900 years, many main canals were completed with compensation as the fund for digging canals. Some canals are 10 meters wide and 2 meters deep, and can even accommodate yellow river sailboats and transport food, goods, people and animals. The irrigated area is about 3000 hectares, and various crops can be planted every year, which greatly improves the lives of local farmers.

In addition to supplying cattle to farmers and trying to protect livestock, the priests also made great efforts to study the plagues that livestock are prone to and many infectious diseases that cannot be ignored, such as cholera, plague and typhoid fever. Especially typhus. Typhus is the most common disease in North China and Inner Mongolia, reaching its peak in late winter and spring. According to statistics, between 19 10- 1930, 72 missionaries died of the disease. Joseph Rutten developed the vaccine by introducing a Polish doctor and actively trained doctors from China. It took 193 1 year to successfully suppress the disease.

192 1 year, Father Lu raised enough donations to start the construction of Guisui Catholic Hospital, and added equipment to become the only modern hospital outside the Great Wall at that time. There are also male and female nursing schools in the hospital, and many graduated nurses are scattered in Suiyuan, Jehol and Ningxia. In addition, the church has set up clinics in various places, and priests and nuns treat rural people.

In terms of charity, there are several nursing homes in each missionary area, and many nursing homes have been established since the Republic of China. In addition, in order to save abandoned orphans, nurseries have been established everywhere, which not only saved thousands of babies' lives, but also enabled them to receive a good education.

In order to effectively manage the increasing number of parishioners, the Apostolic Information Department of the Holy See divided Gansu into two generations of pastoral areas: northern Gansu and southern Gansu in 1905. 1922, the diocese of Inner Mongolia was re-divided, namely Jehol, Xiwanzi, Suiyuan, Ningxia and Datong pastoral areas; Gansu and Xinjiang were taken over by holy word missionaries. 1929, Jining was separated from the next generation pastoral area in xiwan; Chifeng was separated from Jehol in 1932, and Jining and Jehol pastoral areas were managed by China, while the Sacred Heart Association of Notre Dame still served in the local area. At that time, there were more than 250 priests, 10 monks and 300 nuns in China, all of whom were led and trained by the Sacred Heart of Notre Dame. As War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression became increasingly fierce, from 65438 to 0943, foreign priests and nuns were sent to concentration camps or placed under house arrest, and ethnic priests took their place and became the real leaders of the missionary areas. 1946, China established the holy system, Suiyuan became an archdiocese, 195 1 year, which was taken over by the national priests; In the same year, Zhang Kexing also took over as Bishop of Xiwanzi. In terms of pastoral achievements, according to the statistics of 1945, there are 233 priests, 239 missionaries, 235,000 parishioners and 224 churches in the area where the Sacred Heart of Our Lady preaches.

/kloc-There are no public schools in the Great Wall in the 0/9th century. When the missionaries arrived at the Great Wall, they solved the school problem. At first, they set up short-term study rooms, and then gradually developed into new education, including science, literature, religion, ethics, society and other disciplines. The clergy know that in order to develop schools and give young students a perfect education, teacher training is the first priority, so they set up public schools in each missionary area to let young boys and girls live on campus.

During the ten years from 1925 to 1935, more progress has been made in the establishment of missionary schools, with an increase of 222 schools, but primary schools have developed positively. The total number of students exceeds 25,000, and the number of schools has increased to 1000. The famous Zheng Yang Middle School is located in the south moat of Chahar. In addition, there is the first school where Mongolian children teach in Mongolian. More importantly, the church also set up a junior college, six small monasteries and an overhaul hospital in Datong (1922), actively cultivated the local vocation, and trained 180 priests before and after, including the Bishop of Guoyin Palace in Datong.

Father Antoine Most first achieved cultural achievements, and later became an authority on Mongolian linguistics, Mongolian history and folk archaeology, publishing a Collection of Mongolian Languages and a Mongolian-Chinese Dictionary. Father Paul Serruys is also an accomplished scholar in this field. Joseph van Huste collected folk songs and Tumut proverbs; Another father, Kang Guotai (Louis Shi Lamu, Ashrang), wrote a book "Marriage of Gansu natives", which was translated by Fei Xiaotong. It was finally published in 1998 after the war. Father Leo Van Dick and Father Edmund Van Jinahi Teng are both painters, who have made great contributions to the sacred art of China. From 65438 to 0947, the Sacred Heart of Notre Dame established Huairen College in Fu Jen Catholic University as a research institution to train higher-level talents and missionaries. Many priests studied here, but unfortunately they left the country because of the changes in the current situation. Some of them have made achievements in the academic circles in Japan and the United States.

From 1865 to 1955, when the last foreign missionary was deported, the Sacred Heart Society of Notre Dame sent a total of 679 missionaries to North China, covering Inner Mongolia, Jehol, northern Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Datong. Among them, 248 missionaries died there. As of 1948, there are 239 missionaries working near the Great Wall. From 19 10 to 1930, there were 1 12 deaths in 20 years, and half of them were under 35 years old. Before and after the War of Liberation, six priests (such as Stemmao Leo de Smet, Jixinglang Joseph Farhat, Sha Zhi Lin Antoine Rensen, etc.) died in China. ), and the last national missionary, Chang Shouyi, died in 199 1 year after many years in prison.