Why is Hangzhou dialect incompatible with the surrounding Wu dialect?

I'm sure everyone is familiar with this word. Its author is Liu's Three Changes, and it is Lyrics. In other words, to what extent his ci is popular, people say that "there is a well to drink and a willow to sing", to the effect that there are people singing his ci by the well. If it is put now, it will be a proper square dance. In the sixth year of Xianping (AD 1003), Liu Yong wrote the word "Watching the tide of the sea is better than the southeast" in Hangzhou, which was sought after by people at that time. But in Hangzhou at that time, singing was probably not in Mandarin. Everyone will question, isn't this Mandarin the same as Mandarin now? Who sings without Mandarin? It's actually quite understandable. Think about it. A thousand years ago, there was no TV and no Internet. Promoting Putonghua can only rely on self-awareness. The spread range is Bianjing and its surrounding areas, and officials study for political needs. At that time, Hangzhou was so far away from Beijing that it was normal for most people not to speak Mandarin. Although Liu Ci is widely spread, there are many things in pronunciation. But time has been pushed back for a hundred years. By that time, people in Hangzhou will be able to sing Liu Ci in Mandarin, so what's going on?

Hangzhou dialect belongs to Taihu Lake in Wu dialect. How big is Taihu Lake in Wu dialect? Generally, it includes 67 counties and cities in northern Zhejiang Province, southern Jiangsu Province, Shanghai and * * *, with a population of over 60 million. So how small is Hangzhou? There are only five districts under the jurisdiction of 10, namely West Lake, Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Gongshu and Jianggan, covering an area of more than 600 square kilometers and a population of one to two million, accounting for only about 5% of the population of Taihu Lake.

Look at this map, Hangzhou is surrounded by a small area like Shao Lin Wuyu, which seems to be one of the islands. Binjiang, Xiaoshan and Fuyang in the ten districts of Hangzhou belong to Shao Lin, and Yuhang and Lin 'an belong to Tiaoxi. As the saying goes, "ten miles of different sounds" has been perfectly interpreted here.

The first reason why Hangzhou dialect has become a small piece of Wu dialect alone is related to the title of Hangzhou's ancient capital. Yes, that's Zhao Gou. After the invasion of 8 Jin Army, it fled to Lin 'an as the capital. A large number of northern Renye Fang moved south, most of them were northern imperial clan, bureaucrats, wealthy businessmen and gentry with their families, and most of the imperial soldiers stationed in Lin 'an City were "northerners". There are countless scholars, and there was a saying that "most scholars in the northwest are in Qiantang". According to historical records, from the Jian Yan period of the Southern Song Dynasty to Shaoxing period, the population flowing into Lin 'an surged in just two or three decades, with Kaifeng as the largest. The number of foreigners who have settled in Hangzhou has already exceeded their original nationality. Some scholars speculate that the ratio of local families to foreign families is even 1 8.

The foreign population not only has an advantage in number, but also has an advantage in politics. After these officials and gentry moved to Hangzhou, the phenomenon of subject and object in the usual sense changed and was replaced by political and economic strength. Their settlement is in Shimen, Hangzhou. Although Lin 'an is surrounded by other Wu dialect areas, it is the world of Putonghua in the city. Because of its authoritative position, indigenous dialects have evolved into Mandarin. This is why Liu Sanbian's words were sung in Mandarin in Hangzhou one hundred years later.

In contrast, Shaoxing is another example. Shaoxing is the mausoleum of the royal family in the Southern Song Dynasty, and also the gathering place of Zhao's imperial clan, and the foreign population also exceeds the local population. However, at this time, Shaoxing was neither a political center nor a place with a large population ratio, so Shaoxing dialect was not influenced by the northern mandarin, and still maintained the original appearance of Wu dialect.

The situation in other nearby counties is similar to that in Shaoxing, but influenced by Putonghua, Hangzhou dialect has undergone great changes in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and the two sides have merged with each other for hundreds of years. It is conceivable that if it is not the disparity in population ratio, if it is not the privileged advantage in political status. The geographical scope of Hangzhou dialect today will not be so small, and it may be very close to the surrounding Yuhang dialect. This shows that the drastic changes in politics and population in the Southern Song Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on Hangzhou. It is precisely because of the southern crossing of the Song Dynasty that Mandarin and Hangzhou dialect evolved and merged into Wu dialect with the color of northern Mandarin, which is the origin of Hangzhou dialect now.

In Qing Dynasty, Eight Banners Camp was stationed in the lakeside area of Hangzhou for more than 200 years. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Eight Banners Camp was dissolved, and more than 50,000 officials, soldiers and their families were scattered among ordinary people. In order to integrate into the local area, these people in Qiying also began to learn Hangzhou dialect. Their own Beijing Mandarin and Hangzhou dialect had an impact, so they infiltrated each other and formed the characteristics of Hangzhou dialect now. There are Manchu relics in the place names. There is a street in Hangzhou called "Shangjiang". The previous street name was actually "On the River", and the Chinese pronunciation was obvious. The word "Han" is the pronunciation of Manchu, which means riverside or riverside. Moreover, this street is built along the canal, with a sea of people and busy water transportation.

Xu Zhimo once said in a speech in Suzhou that he would rather listen to Suzhou people quarreling than Hangzhou people talking. Of course, this famous saying later evolved into many versions. Although "Suzhou and Hangzhou are underground", the tone of the two places is completely different. If Suzhou dialect is soft, then Hangzhou dialect is really hard.

After the Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, people in the city all spoke "Mandarin", which led to the formation of Hangzhou dialect which was mostly literary in phonetic expression. Simply put, literary reading is written language, which means the so-called speaking style. White reading refers to the early local inherent pronunciation, which is very different from Mandarin. Intuitively, if you learn Hangzhou dialect, there will be no entanglement of literary and colloquial sounds. In Wu dialect, there are many words read both in written and spoken language, but Hangzhou dialect is an exception, and there are basically no dialects that are read in vain, which is one of its major characteristics. The evolution process may be as follows: after the Song Dynasty moved south, the local white people's pronunciation was very different from that of Mandarin, and they were gradually excluded. However, the pronunciation of words is similar to that of northern mandarin, and it has gained a dominant position, replacing white reading in the next few hundred years. In the Republic of China, some scholars made a survey of Hangzhou dialect and found that there was little difference between local culture and vernacular Chinese. As far as pronunciation is concerned, many words are like home, flower, street, communication, room, river and so on. The pronunciation of Hangzhou dialect is the same as that of white people. In other small areas of Wu dialect, it still maintains the characteristics of literary and colloquial reading.

Compared with the surrounding Wu dialect, the vocabulary system of Hangzhou dialect is similar to that of Putonghua. For example, in Hangzhou dialect, personal pronouns are expressed by "I, you, he", and the plural number is added with "men", just like Mandarin. But in Shanghai dialect, it is "I, Nong, Yi" and the plural is "Allah,? , ella ". Shaoxing dialect is "I, Nong and Yi", and the plural is "I, Nai and Ye". Yuhang District of Hangzhou is "I, II, I", and the plural is "Ai, Nai and Eggplant". Personal pronouns are actually the most stable basic vocabulary in linguistics, from which we can see the uniqueness of Hangzhou dialect. Therefore, to judge whether the other person speaks Hangzhou dialect, just listen to how he says personal pronouns. In the use of many other words, Hangzhou dialect is also consistent with Putonghua. For example, washing your face is useful in Wu language. You can use the word daughter, although the pronunciation is different, but the words are the same. The negative word "bu" is more like "don't" or "unqualified" in Wu dialect. Compared with the surrounding Wu dialect, the words used in Hangzhou dialect are more colorful in Putonghua.

On the one hand, many Wu words in Hangzhou dialect are covered by northern dialect, on the other hand, the surrounding Wu dialect surrounds Hangzhou dialect, which makes the influence of Wu dialect permeate all the time. The combination of the two forms a vocabulary of half Mandarin and half Wu. For example, the word "face" in Putonghua is often used in the surrounding Wu dialect areas, and in Hangzhou dialect, it is obviously a combination of the two. The word groom in Hangzhou dialect is also influenced by the vocabulary of the new Wu dialect.

Shaoxing dialect has a great influence on Hangzhou. There is an old saying that Hangzhou radish is Shaoxing species. Many people in Hangzhou turn over genealogy. Perhaps the ancestors of Shaoxing nationality existed three generations ago, because of the war in modern history. The first time was in 186 1 year. The Taiping army besieged the city for two months, and numerous local people were killed and injured, and the population was greatly reduced, which urgently needed to be filled. Shaoxing immigrated to Hangzhou. The second time was during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, when the Japanese invaders often bombed and swept Shaoxing, and the people suffered greatly from the war. In order to escape the war, many people came to Hangzhou to make a living.

Therefore, influenced by Shaoxing dialect, some colloquial pronunciations have also changed. For example, in the word "Shuo" in Hangzhou dialect, the sound of suo has always been distributed, and now it is mostly wuo, which is consistent with Shaoxing dialect. Another example is the word da. There are people who often read da in Hangzhou dialect, everyone, coat. Others read do, big (strong people) and big feet (thighs). There are two pronunciations that can be used, big brother and big boss. In Shaoxing dialect, do is pronounced in all characters, which is a vivid example.

Many friends know that people in Hangzhou like to use "er", which is very useful. The word "er" and other roots constitute a large number of words. This is a major feature of the integration and evolution with the Southern Song Dynasty "Mandarin", and it is also different from the surrounding Wu dialect, but it is very different from the usage of the northern dialect.

In terms of pronunciation, the word "er" in Hangzhou dialect is an independent syllable, while the word "er" in northern dialect is a rolled tongue attached to the root. For example, "children", then Hangzhou dialect is Xiao Haier, and Northern dialect is Xiao Haier. Here, "children" is pronounced softly. As an independent syllable, the word "er" in Hangzhou dialect sounds blunt to northerners, but it is out of place in the surrounding Wu dialect area. Take Xiaoshan, which is separated by a river. Hangzhou says stool, Xiaoshan dialect has no "er" but "stool". From the semantic point of view, the word "er" in northern dialect is rather vague, so it doesn't matter if the affix is removed. There are the same words in Hangzhou dialect, such as "old man", "flower", "fish" and "Bao Er". There are also differences. If you hear people in Hangzhou say "they are fighting", it means that they are mostly joking. But if we say "they are fighting", we are fighting. If the child is crying, it will be associated with the child being beaten and crying because of what injury. But saying that the child is "crying" means the opposite. Generally speaking, the child is cheating.

Tracing back to 1000 years ago, the pronunciation of Chinese "er" also developed from "Will" to "Hua Er". The word "er" in Tang and Song poetry is an independent syllable, no matter its original meaning or affix, unlike the children's voice in the northern dialect now. It can be seen that the word "er" in the Southern Song Dynasty is an independent syllable. Historical materials, such as Meng Lianglu and Wulin Old Stories, which reflected the life of Qiantang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, recorded many affixes of Er in Hangzhou dialect at that time. Such as cages, shrimps, sachets, myna, cakes, hats, dishes, pots, cans, bears and so on. These words, which have a history of hundreds of years, are still circulated orally in Hangzhou, indicating that the word "er" in the street-like Hangzhou dialect has a long history. The rise of vernacular novels in Ming Dynasty, such as Water Margin, Jin Ping Mei and The Journey to the West, recorded many different styles of the market at that time, including a large number of suffix words. By comparing the historical materials of the Southern Song Dynasty, it is found that they overlap with each other, and these words are generally consistent in structure and semantics. It can be inferred that the affix of Er in Ming novels is inherited from the Song and Yuan Dynasties and later modern Hangzhou dialect.

In the changing years, due to special historical reasons and geographical conditions, Hangzhou dialect has undergone subtle changes in the evolution of north-south integration and restriction. Although Hangzhou dialect is really only a small part of Wu dialect, it is also a very rich part. The cultural factors accumulated in his language, like a picture scroll, slowly spread out in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, floating and sinking in the long history of thousands of years. Finally, borrow Xu Wenchang's wonderful couplets to end: